Ste*_*anK 4 python gis r-tree pandas shapely
我有一个简化的城市地图,其中的街道为线串,地址为点。我需要找到从每个点到任何一条街线的最近路径。我有一个执行此操作的脚本,但由于嵌套了循环,因此它在多项式时间内运行。对于15万行(形状为LineString)和10000点(形状为Point),在8 GB Ram计算机上需要10个小时才能完成。
该函数如下所示(抱歉,无法完全重现):
import pandas as pd
import shapely
from shapely import Point, LineString
def connect_nodes_to_closest_edges(edges_df , nodes_df,
edges_geom,
nodes_geom):
"""Finds closest line to points and returns 2 dataframes:
edges_df
nodes_df
"""
for i in range(len(nodes_df)):
point = nodes_df.loc[i,nodes_geom]
shortest_distance = 100000
for j in range(len(edges_df)):
line = edges_df.loc[j,edges_geom]
if line.distance(point) < shortest_distance:
shortest_distance = line.distance(point)
closest_street_index = j
closest_line = line
...
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然后,将结果保存在表中作为新列,该列将点到线的最短路径添加为新列。
有没有一种方法可以使该功能更快些?
例如,如果我可以为50m左右的每个点过滤出线,这将有助于加快每次迭代的速度?
有没有一种方法可以使用rtree包使其更快?我能够找到一个答案,从而使脚本可以更快地找到多边形的交点,但是我似乎无法使它适用于最接近点到线的地方。
https://pypi.python.org/pypi/Rtree/
抱歉,如果已经回答了,但是我在这里也没有在gis.stackexchange上找到答案
谢谢你的建议!
在这里,您有使用rtree库的解决方案。这个想法是构建包含对角线段的框,并使用该框构建rtree。这将是最耗时的操作。稍后,您用一个以点为中心的框查询rtree。您会得到一些需要检查的最小命中数,但是命中数(希望)要比对所有分段进行查验都要少(希望)。
在solutionsdict中,您将获得每个点的线ID,最近的线段,最近的点(线段的点)以及到该点的距离。
代码中有一些注释可以帮助您。考虑到您可以序列化rtree供以后使用。实际上,我建议构建rtree,保存它,然后再使用它。因为常量MIN_SIZE 和的调整的异常INFTY可能会增加,并且您不希望丢失构建rtree所做的所有计算。
太小MIN_SIZE将意味着您在解决方案中可能会出错,因为如果围绕该点的框不与线段相交,则它可能与不是最近线段的线框相交(很容易想到一种情况)。
太大MIN_SIZE表示错误肯定,在极端情况下会使代码尝试所有段,并且您将处于以前的位置,或者更糟糕的是,因为您现在正在构建rtree,不真正使用。
如果数据是来自城市的真实数据,我想您知道任何地址都将相交的一段距离小于几个街区。这将使搜索实际上是对数的。
还有一条评论。我假设没有太大的细分。由于我们将这些段用作rtree中框的对角线,因此,如果一行中有一些大段,这意味着将为该段分配一个巨大的框,并且所有地址框都将与该相交。为避免这种情况,您始终可以通过添加更多中间点来人为地提高LineStrins的分辨率。
import math
from rtree import index
from shapely.geometry import Polygon, LineString
INFTY = 1000000
MIN_SIZE = .8
# MIN_SIZE should be a vaule such that if you build a box centered in each
# point with edges of size 2*MIN_SIZE, you know a priori that at least one
# segment is intersected with the box. Otherwise, you could get an inexact
# solution, there is an exception checking this, though.
def distance(a, b):
return math.sqrt( (a[0]-b[0])**2 + (a[1]-b[1])**2 )
def get_distance(apoint, segment):
a = apoint
b, c = segment
# t = <a-b, c-b>/|c-b|**2
# because p(a) = t*(c-b)+b is the ortogonal projection of vector a
# over the rectline that includes the points b and c.
t = (a[0]-b[0])*(c[0]-b[0]) + (a[1]-b[1])*(c[1]-b[1])
t = t / ( (c[0]-b[0])**2 + (c[1]-b[1])**2 )
# Only if t 0 <= t <= 1 the projection is in the interior of
# segment b-c, and it is the point that minimize the distance
# (by pitagoras theorem).
if 0 < t < 1:
pcoords = (t*(c[0]-b[0])+b[0], t*(c[1]-b[1])+b[1])
dmin = distance(a, pcoords)
return pcoords, dmin
elif t <= 0:
return b, distance(a, b)
elif 1 <= t:
return c, distance(a, c)
def get_rtree(lines):
def generate_items():
sindx = 0
for lid, l in lines:
for i in xrange(len(l)-1):
a, b = l[i]
c, d = l[i+1]
segment = ((a,b), (c,d))
box = (min(a, c), min(b,d), max(a, c), max(b,d))
#box = left, bottom, right, top
yield (sindx, box, (lid, segment))
sindx += 1
return index.Index(generate_items())
def get_solution(idx, points):
result = {}
for p in points:
pbox = (p[0]-MIN_SIZE, p[1]-MIN_SIZE, p[0]+MIN_SIZE, p[1]+MIN_SIZE)
hits = idx.intersection(pbox, objects='raw')
d = INFTY
s = None
for h in hits:
nearest_p, new_d = get_distance(p, h[1])
if d >= new_d:
d = new_d
s = (h[0], h[1], nearest_p, new_d)
result[p] = s
print s
#some checking you could remove after you adjust the constants
if s == None:
raise Exception("It seems INFTY is not big enough.")
pboxpol = ( (pbox[0], pbox[1]), (pbox[2], pbox[1]),
(pbox[2], pbox[3]), (pbox[0], pbox[3]) )
if not Polygon(pboxpol).intersects(LineString(s[1])):
msg = "It seems MIN_SIZE is not big enough. "
msg += "You could get inexact solutions if remove this exception."
raise Exception(msg)
return result
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我用这个例子测试了功能。
xcoords = [i*10.0/float(1000) for i in xrange(1000)]
l1 = [(x, math.sin(x)) for x in xcoords]
l2 = [(x, math.cos(x)) for x in xcoords]
points = [(i*10.0/float(50), 0.8) for i in xrange(50)]
lines = [('l1', l1), ('l2', l2)]
idx = get_rtree(lines)
solutions = get_solution(idx, points)
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