为什么cachegrind不是完全确定的?

Sop*_*ert 7 benchmarking valgrind cachegrind

受SQLite的启发,我正在寻找使用valgrind的"cachegrind"工具来进行可重现的性能基准测试.它输出的数字比我发现的任何其他计时方法稳定得多,但它们仍然不具有确定性.举个例子,这是一个简单的C程序:

int main() {
  volatile int x;
  while (x < 1000000) {
    x++;
  }
}
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如果我编译它并在cachegrind下运行它,我得到以下结果:

$ gcc -O2 x.c -o x
$ valgrind --tool=cachegrind ./x
==11949== Cachegrind, a cache and branch-prediction profiler
==11949== Copyright (C) 2002-2015, and GNU GPL'd, by Nicholas Nethercote et al.
==11949== Using Valgrind-3.11.0.SVN and LibVEX; rerun with -h for copyright info
==11949== Command: ./x
==11949==
--11949-- warning: L3 cache found, using its data for the LL simulation.
==11949==
==11949== I   refs:      11,158,333
==11949== I1  misses:         3,565
==11949== LLi misses:         2,611
==11949== I1  miss rate:       0.03%
==11949== LLi miss rate:       0.02%
==11949==
==11949== D   refs:       4,116,700  (3,552,970 rd   + 563,730 wr)
==11949== D1  misses:        21,119  (   19,041 rd   +   2,078 wr)
==11949== LLd misses:         7,487  (    6,148 rd   +   1,339 wr)
==11949== D1  miss rate:        0.5% (      0.5%     +     0.4%  )
==11949== LLd miss rate:        0.2% (      0.2%     +     0.2%  )
==11949==
==11949== LL refs:           24,684  (   22,606 rd   +   2,078 wr)
==11949== LL misses:         10,098  (    8,759 rd   +   1,339 wr)
==11949== LL miss rate:         0.1% (      0.1%     +     0.2%  )
$ valgrind --tool=cachegrind ./x
==11982== Cachegrind, a cache and branch-prediction profiler
==11982== Copyright (C) 2002-2015, and GNU GPL'd, by Nicholas Nethercote et al.
==11982== Using Valgrind-3.11.0.SVN and LibVEX; rerun with -h for copyright info
==11982== Command: ./x
==11982==
--11982-- warning: L3 cache found, using its data for the LL simulation.
==11982==
==11982== I   refs:      11,159,225
==11982== I1  misses:         3,611
==11982== LLi misses:         2,611
==11982== I1  miss rate:       0.03%
==11982== LLi miss rate:       0.02%
==11982==
==11982== D   refs:       4,117,029  (3,553,176 rd   + 563,853 wr)
==11982== D1  misses:        21,174  (   19,090 rd   +   2,084 wr)
==11982== LLd misses:         7,496  (    6,154 rd   +   1,342 wr)
==11982== D1  miss rate:        0.5% (      0.5%     +     0.4%  )
==11982== LLd miss rate:        0.2% (      0.2%     +     0.2%  )
==11982==
==11982== LL refs:           24,785  (   22,701 rd   +   2,084 wr)
==11982== LL misses:         10,107  (    8,765 rd   +   1,342 wr)
==11982== LL miss rate:         0.1% (      0.1%     +     0.2%  )
$
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在这种情况下,"I refs"在两次运行之间仅相差0.008%,但我仍然想知道为什么这些不同.在更复杂的程序(几十毫秒)中,它们可以变化更多.有没有办法让运行完全可重复?

Ale*_*eau 5

gmane.comp.debugging.valgrind一个主题的最后,Nicholas Nethercote(一个在Valgrind开发团队工作的Mozilla开发人员)说使用Cachegrind会有一些小变化(我可以推断它们不会导致重大问题) .

Cachegrind的手册提到该程序非常敏感.例如,在Linux上,地址空间随机化(用于提高安全性)可能是非确定性的来源.

值得注意的另一件事是结果非常敏感.更改正在分析的可执行文件的大小,或者它使用的任何共享库的大小,甚至文件名的长度都会影响结果.变化会很小,但如果您的程序发生变化,则不会产生完全可重复的结果.

最近的GNU/Linux发行版确实解决了空间随机化问题,其中相同程序的相同运行将其共享库加载到不同位置,作为安全措施.这也扰乱了结果.

虽然这些因素意味着你不应该相信结果是超精确的,但它们应该足够接近有用.