在 FreeBSD 上创建一个新的语言环境

Question

我想在 FreeBSD 上创建一个新的语言环境。我以为我可以只复制现有的其中之一，/usr/share/locale但显然它并不那么简单。

首先，我只是创建了en_US.UTF-8语言环境的副本。

$ sudo cp -R /usr/share/locale/en_US.UTF-8 /usr/share/locale/en_DK.UTF-8

我正在用 mosh 测试我的设置，所以使用标准en_US.UTF-8一切都很好：

$ LC_ALL=en_US.UTF-8 PATH_LOCALE=/usr/share/locale mosh xyz.example.org

但是，如果我尝试使用新创建的en_DK.UTF-8语言环境，则会出现以下错误：

$ LC_ALL=en_DK.UTF-8 PATH_LOCALE=/usr/share/locale mosh xyz.example.org
The locale requested by LC_ALL=en_DK.UTF-8 isn't available here.
Running `locale-gen en_DK.UTF-8' may be necessary.

mosh-server needs a UTF-8 native locale to run.

Unfortunately, the local environment ([no charset variables]) specifies
the character set "US-ASCII",

The client-supplied environment (LC_ALL=en_DK.UTF-8) specifies
the character set "US-ASCII".

sh: warning: setlocale: LC_ALL: cannot change locale (en_DK.UTF-8)
locale: Cannot set LC_CTYPE to default locale: No such file or directory
locale: Cannot set LC_MESSAGES to default locale: No such file or directory
locale: Cannot set LC_ALL to default locale: No such file or directory
LANG=en_DK.UTF-8
LC_CTYPE="en_DK.UTF-8"
LC_NUMERIC="en_DK.UTF-8"
LC_TIME="en_DK.UTF-8"
LC_COLLATE="en_DK.UTF-8"
LC_MONETARY="en_DK.UTF-8"
LC_MESSAGES="en_DK.UTF-8"
LC_PAPER="en_DK.UTF-8"
LC_NAME="en_DK.UTF-8"
LC_ADDRESS="en_DK.UTF-8"
LC_TELEPHONE="en_DK.UTF-8"
LC_MEASUREMENT="en_DK.UTF-8"
LC_IDENTIFICATION="en_DK.UTF-8"
LC_ALL=en_DK.UTF-8
Connection to xyz.example.org closed.
/usr/local/bin/mosh: Did not find mosh server startup message. (Have you installed mosh on your server?)

Answer 1

看起来您正在 FreeBSD 上尝试 Linuxism。在 FreeBSD 上，您应该使用登录类

在我应该将我的语言环境设置为什么以及这样做的影响是什么？.

您可以忽略的答案中的部分是“安装语言环境”。FreeBSD 安装了所有常见的语言环境。你可以验证这一点

locale -a

但是随后您可能声称您尝试修改语言环境并进行设置。这就是我所说的 Linuxism。人们在不了解实际发生的情况下将语言环境添加到 linux，然后设置 LC_ALL。该区域定义了一组LC_*变量。LC_ALL然后用于覆盖那些！

在 FreeBSD 上，更改用户（或系统）区域设置的首选方法是使用22.2.1.1。登录类方法。您也可以在此处更改系统范围的默认值。

LC_ALL 仅在您想（强制）否决任何和所有其他 LC_* 设置时才应设置。您可能认为您正在设置“语言环境”，LC_ALL但实际上您只是设置LANG为LANG=en_DK.UTF-8. 那不是一种有效的语言，您应该将其留给Unicode CLDR 项目。有关更多信息，请查看“LC_ALL=C”做什么？

我的问题是你不想发明你自己的新语言。但是从您选择的组合中，我的猜测是您希望系统表现得像丹麦 (DK) 系统，但与您交谈时会说英语。为此，您可以将LC_*变量与加热内容混合和匹配。

例子：

LANG=en_US.UTF-8
LC_CTYPE="da_DK.UTF-8"
LC_COLLATE="da_DK.UTF-8"
LC_TIME="da_DK.UTF-8"
LC_NUMERIC="da_DK.UTF-8"
LC_MONETARY="da_DK.UTF-8"
LC_MESSAGES="en_US.UTF-8"

如果您不想设置登录类（出于某种原因），那么您仍然应该坚持使用 CLDR 定义的变量。这将为您提供最便携的结果：

$ LC_ALL=C LANG=en_US.UTF-8 LC_CTYPE=da_DK.UTF-8 LC_COLLATE=da_DK.UTF-8 LC_TIME=da_DK.UTF-8 LC_NUMERIC=da_DK.UTF-8 LC_MONETARY=da_DK.UTF-8 LC_MESSAGES=en_US.UTF-8 mosh xyz.example.org
/usr/local/bin/mosh: could not get canonical name for xyz.example.org: hostname nor servname provided, or not known
ssh_exchange_identification: Connection closed by remote host
/usr/local/bin/mosh: Did not find remote IP address (is SSH ProxyCommand disabled?).
$

如果它是您想要常用的语言环境设置，那么您可以使用登录类进行设置。请参阅 FreeBSD 手册或我对以 UTF-8 SSH 到 FreeBSD 的回答

我认为你的答案就在上面。但是，如果我们逐字逐句地向您提出问题，那么 FreeBSD 当前将在 13.0 中添加一个 UTF-8 C 语言环境（请参阅提交 r340144）。如果您真的想了解如何添加新语言环境，请查看介绍 C.UTF-8 语言环境

更新

目录/usr/share/locale/*只是一个目录。如果你像 Q 一样逐字复制 - 事情将在 FreeBSD 11.2 上工作。我仍然建议使用详细LC_ALL或登录类。目前我认为问题出在“胖手指”上。

该目录包含符号链接和定义文件。这些文件可以由localdef创建，它在 2015 年取代了mklocale。

如果您不想更改实际的整理顺序，那么您可以链接到具有“正确”整理顺序的语言 - 或者简单地复制文件。PATH_LOCALE=/usr/share/locale是隐式的，因为它是默认值。

我在我的系统上逐字复制到test和en_DK.UTF-8。他们locale -a立即出现。两者都按预期工作：

$ locale -a | grep -e en_DK -e test
en_DK.UTF-8
test
$ LC_ALL=test mosh xyz.example.org
/usr/local/bin/mosh: could not get canonical name for xyz.example.org: hostname nor servname provided, or not known
ssh_exchange_identification: Connection closed by remote host
/usr/local/bin/mosh: Did not find remote IP address (is SSH ProxyCommand disabled?).
$ LC_ALL=test /bin/sh
$ locale
LANG=
LC_CTYPE="test"
LC_COLLATE="test"
LC_TIME="test"
LC_NUMERIC="test"
LC_MONETARY="test"
LC_MESSAGES="test"
LC_ALL=test
$ exit
$ LC_ALL=en_DK.UTF-8 mosh xyz.example.org
/usr/local/bin/mosh: could not get canonical name for xyz.example.org: hostname nor servname provided, or not known
ssh_exchange_identification: Connection closed by remote host
/usr/local/bin/mosh: Did not find remote IP address (is SSH ProxyCommand disabled?).
$ LC_ALL=dummy mosh xyz.example.org
perl: warning: Setting locale failed.
perl: warning: Please check that your locale settings:
        LC_ALL = "dummy",
        LANG = (unset)
    are supported and installed on your system.
perl: warning: Falling back to the standard locale ("C").
perl: warning: Setting locale failed.
perl: warning: Please check that your locale settings:
        LC_ALL = "dummy",
        LANG = (unset)
    are supported and installed on your system.
perl: warning: Falling back to the standard locale ("C").
/usr/local/bin/mosh: could not get canonical name for xyz.example.org: hostname nor servname provided, or not known
ssh_exchange_identification: Connection closed by remote host
/usr/local/bin/mosh: Did not find remote IP address (is SSH ProxyCommand disabled?).
$ uname -a
FreeBSD test 11.2-RELEASE FreeBSD 11.2-RELEASE #0 r335510: Fri Jun 22 04:32:14 UTC 2018     root@releng2.nyi.freebsd.org:/usr/obj/usr/src/sys/GENERIC  amd64