用于以"列标题:列值"格式获取单个记录的SQL查询

Question

假设我有这个表:

Create table test(a int, b int, c int, d int)

我可以简单地写'select*from test'来获得以下第一条记录:

A    B    C    D  
1    2    3    4

但相反,我希望它像这样(单行记录四行):

A: 1  
B: 2  
C: 3  
D: 4

有人可以帮我这么做吗？

这是查看远程桌面系统上的单个记录所必需的,该记录非常慢,并且在其上水平滚动很糟糕,并且其中有800列.所以我需要从单个记录中看到数据的格式.

Answer 1

您可以使用该UNPIVOT函数执行此操作,下面的版本将列名称和值连接在一起,但您始终可以将它们显示为单独的列:

select col+':'+cast(value as varchar(10)) col
from test
unpivot
(
  value
  for col in (A, B, C, D)
) unpiv

请参阅SQL Fiddle with Demo

如果您具有已知数量的列,则上述工作非常有用,但如果您要转换800个列,则可能需要使用动态sql执行此操作:

DECLARE @colsUnpivot AS NVARCHAR(MAX),
    @query  AS NVARCHAR(MAX)

select @colsUnpivot = stuff((select ','+quotename(C.name)
         from sys.columns as C
         where C.object_id = object_id('test')
         for xml path('')), 1, 1, '')

set @query 
  = 'select col+'':''+cast(value as varchar(10)) col
     from test
     unpivot
     (
       value
       for col in ('+ @colsunpivot +')
     ) u'

exec(@query)

请参阅SQL Fiddle with Demo

注意:使用UNPIVOT所有需要转换的列的数据类型时,必须相同.因此,您可能需要根据需要转换/转换数据.

编辑#1,因为您的所有列上的数据类型不同,并且您需要取消它们,然后您可以使用以下代码.

第一部分获取要动态展开的列的列表:

select @colsUnpivot = stuff((select ','+quotename(C.name)
             from sys.columns as C
             where C.object_id = object_id('test')
             for xml path('')), 1, 1, '')

第二部分获取相同的列列表,但将每列包装cast为varchar:

select @colsUnpivotCast = stuff((select ', cast('+quotename(C.name)+' as varchar(50)) as '+quotename(C.name)
         from sys.columns as C
         where C.object_id = object_id('test')
         for xml path('')), 1, 1, '')

然后你的最终查询将是:

DECLARE @colsUnpivot AS NVARCHAR(MAX),
    @colsUnpivotCast AS NVARCHAR(MAX),
    @query  AS NVARCHAR(MAX)


select @colsUnpivot = stuff((select ','+quotename(C.name)
         from sys.columns as C
         where C.object_id = object_id('test')
         for xml path('')), 1, 1, '')

select @colsUnpivotCast = stuff((select ', cast('+quotename(C.name)+' as varchar(50)) as '+quotename(C.name)
         from sys.columns as C
         where C.object_id = object_id('test')
         for xml path('')), 1, 1, '')


set @query 
  = 'select col+'':''+value col
     from
    (
      select '+@colsUnpivotCast+'
      from test
    ) src
     unpivot
     (
       value
       for col in ('+ @colsunpivot +')
     ) u'


exec(@query)

请参阅SQL Fiddle with Demo

该UNPIVOT函数执行的过程与UNION ALL看起来像这样:

select col+':'+value as col
from
(
  select A value, 'A' col
  from test
  union all
  select cast(B as varchar(10)) value, 'B' col
  from test
  union all
  select cast(C as varchar(10)) value, 'C' col
  from test
  union all
  select cast(D as varchar(10)) value, 'D' col
  from test
) src

请参阅SQL Fiddle with Demo

所有查询的结果都是相同的:

|    COL |
----------
|    A:1 |
| B:2.00 |
|    C:3 |
|    D:4 |

编辑#2:使用UNPIVOT剥离任何可能导致某些数据丢失的空列.如果是这种情况,那么您将要包含列IsNull()以替换null值:

DECLARE @colsUnpivot AS NVARCHAR(MAX),
    @colsUnpivotCast AS NVARCHAR(MAX),
    @query  AS NVARCHAR(MAX)


select @colsUnpivot = stuff((select ','+quotename(C.name)
         from sys.columns as C
         where C.object_id = object_id('test')
         for xml path('')), 1, 1, '')

select @colsUnpivotCast = stuff((select ', IsNull(cast('+quotename(C.name)+' as varchar(50)), '''') as '+quotename(C.name)
         from sys.columns as C
         where C.object_id = object_id('test')
         for xml path('')), 1, 1, '')


set @query 
  = 'select col+'':''+value col
     from
    (
      select '+@colsUnpivotCast+'
      from test
    ) src
     unpivot
     (
       value
       for col in ('+ @colsunpivot +')
     ) u'


exec(@query)

请参阅SQL Fiddle with Demo

替换空值将得到如下结果:

|    COL |
----------
|    A:1 |
| B:2.00 |
|     C: |
|    D:4 |