matplotlib(等长单位长度):具有'相等'宽高比z轴不等于x-和y-

Question

当我为3d图设置相等的宽高比时,z轴不会变为"相等".所以这:

fig = pylab.figure()
mesFig = fig.gca(projection='3d', adjustable='box')
mesFig.axis('equal')
mesFig.plot(xC, yC, zC, 'r.')
mesFig.plot(xO, yO, zO, 'b.')
pyplot.show()

给我以下内容:

显然,z轴的单位长度不等于x和y单位.

如何使所有三个轴的单位长度相等？我能找到的所有解决方案都不起作用.谢谢.

Answer 1

我相信matplotlib还没有在3D中正确设置相等的轴...但是我在不久前发现了一个技巧(我不记得在哪里)我已经使用它了.这个概念是围绕数据创建一个假的立方体边界框.您可以使用以下代码进行测试:

from mpl_toolkits.mplot3d import Axes3D
from matplotlib import cm
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
import numpy as np

fig = plt.figure()
ax = fig.gca(projection='3d')
ax.set_aspect('equal')

X = np.random.rand(100)*10+5
Y = np.random.rand(100)*5+2.5
Z = np.random.rand(100)*50+25

scat = ax.scatter(X, Y, Z)

# Create cubic bounding box to simulate equal aspect ratio
max_range = np.array([X.max()-X.min(), Y.max()-Y.min(), Z.max()-Z.min()]).max()
Xb = 0.5*max_range*np.mgrid[-1:2:2,-1:2:2,-1:2:2][0].flatten() + 0.5*(X.max()+X.min())
Yb = 0.5*max_range*np.mgrid[-1:2:2,-1:2:2,-1:2:2][1].flatten() + 0.5*(Y.max()+Y.min())
Zb = 0.5*max_range*np.mgrid[-1:2:2,-1:2:2,-1:2:2][2].flatten() + 0.5*(Z.max()+Z.min())
# Comment or uncomment following both lines to test the fake bounding box:
for xb, yb, zb in zip(Xb, Yb, Zb):
   ax.plot([xb], [yb], [zb], 'w')

plt.grid()
plt.show()

z数据大约比x和y大一个数量级,但即使使用等轴选项,matplotlib也可以自动调整z轴:

但是,如果添加边界框,则可以获得正确的缩放:

Answer 2

我通过使用set_x/y/zlim 函数简化了Remy F的解决方案.

from mpl_toolkits.mplot3d import Axes3D
from matplotlib import cm
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
import numpy as np

fig = plt.figure()
ax = fig.gca(projection='3d')
ax.set_aspect('equal')

X = np.random.rand(100)*10+5
Y = np.random.rand(100)*5+2.5
Z = np.random.rand(100)*50+25

scat = ax.scatter(X, Y, Z)

max_range = np.array([X.max()-X.min(), Y.max()-Y.min(), Z.max()-Z.min()]).max() / 2.0

mid_x = (X.max()+X.min()) * 0.5
mid_y = (Y.max()+Y.min()) * 0.5
mid_z = (Z.max()+Z.min()) * 0.5
ax.set_xlim(mid_x - max_range, mid_x + max_range)
ax.set_ylim(mid_y - max_range, mid_y + max_range)
ax.set_zlim(mid_z - max_range, mid_z + max_range)

plt.show()

Answer 3

我喜欢上述解决方案,但它们确实有缺点,您需要跟踪所有数据的范围和方法.如果您有多个数据集将一起绘制,这可能很麻烦.为了解决这个问题,我使用了ax.get_ [xyz] lim3d()方法并将整个事物放入一个独立的函数中,在调用plt.show()之前只能调用一次.这是新版本:

from mpl_toolkits.mplot3d import Axes3D
from matplotlib import cm
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
import numpy as np

def set_axes_equal(ax):
    '''Make axes of 3D plot have equal scale so that spheres appear as spheres,
    cubes as cubes, etc..  This is one possible solution to Matplotlib's
    ax.set_aspect('equal') and ax.axis('equal') not working for 3D.

    Input
      ax: a matplotlib axis, e.g., as output from plt.gca().
    '''

    x_limits = ax.get_xlim3d()
    y_limits = ax.get_ylim3d()
    z_limits = ax.get_zlim3d()

    x_range = abs(x_limits[1] - x_limits[0])
    x_middle = np.mean(x_limits)
    y_range = abs(y_limits[1] - y_limits[0])
    y_middle = np.mean(y_limits)
    z_range = abs(z_limits[1] - z_limits[0])
    z_middle = np.mean(z_limits)

    # The plot bounding box is a sphere in the sense of the infinity
    # norm, hence I call half the max range the plot radius.
    plot_radius = 0.5*max([x_range, y_range, z_range])

    ax.set_xlim3d([x_middle - plot_radius, x_middle + plot_radius])
    ax.set_ylim3d([y_middle - plot_radius, y_middle + plot_radius])
    ax.set_zlim3d([z_middle - plot_radius, z_middle + plot_radius])

fig = plt.figure()
ax = fig.gca(projection='3d')
ax.set_aspect('equal')

X = np.random.rand(100)*10+5
Y = np.random.rand(100)*5+2.5
Z = np.random.rand(100)*50+25

scat = ax.scatter(X, Y, Z)

set_axes_equal(ax)
plt.show()

Answer 4

简单修复！

我已经设法在 3.3.1 版中使用它。

看起来这个问题可能已经在PR#17172 中解决了；您可以使用该ax.set_box_aspect([1,1,1])函数来确保方面是正确的（请参阅set_aspect函数的注释）。当与@karlo 和/或@Matee Ulhaq 提供的边界框函数结合使用时，绘图现在在 3D 中看起来是正确的！

最小工作示例

import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
import mpl_toolkits.mplot3d
import numpy as np

# Functions from @Mateen Ulhaq and @karlo
def set_axes_equal(ax: plt.Axes):
    """Set 3D plot axes to equal scale.

    Make axes of 3D plot have equal scale so that spheres appear as
    spheres and cubes as cubes.  Required since `ax.axis('equal')`
    and `ax.set_aspect('equal')` don't work on 3D.
    """
    limits = np.array([
        ax.get_xlim3d(),
        ax.get_ylim3d(),
        ax.get_zlim3d(),
    ])
    origin = np.mean(limits, axis=1)
    radius = 0.5 * np.max(np.abs(limits[:, 1] - limits[:, 0]))
    _set_axes_radius(ax, origin, radius)

def _set_axes_radius(ax, origin, radius):
    x, y, z = origin
    ax.set_xlim3d([x - radius, x + radius])
    ax.set_ylim3d([y - radius, y + radius])
    ax.set_zlim3d([z - radius, z + radius])

# Generate and plot a unit sphere
u = np.linspace(0, 2*np.pi, 100)
v = np.linspace(0, np.pi, 100)
x = np.outer(np.cos(u), np.sin(v)) # np.outer() -> outer vector product
y = np.outer(np.sin(u), np.sin(v))
z = np.outer(np.ones(np.size(u)), np.cos(v))

fig = plt.figure()
ax = fig.gca(projection='3d')
ax.plot_surface(x, y, z)

ax.set_box_aspect([1,1,1]) # IMPORTANT - this is the new, key line
# ax.set_proj_type('ortho') # OPTIONAL - default is perspective (shown in image above)
set_axes_equal(ax) # IMPORTANT - this is also required
plt.show()

Answer 5

改编自@karlo的答案，使事情变得更加干净：

def set_axes_radius(ax, origin, radius):
    ax.set_xlim3d([origin[0] - radius, origin[0] + radius])
    ax.set_ylim3d([origin[1] - radius, origin[1] + radius])
    ax.set_zlim3d([origin[2] - radius, origin[2] + radius])

def set_axes_equal(ax):
    '''Make axes of 3D plot have equal scale so that spheres appear as spheres,
    cubes as cubes, etc..  This is one possible solution to Matplotlib's
    ax.set_aspect('equal') and ax.axis('equal') not working for 3D.

    Input
      ax: a matplotlib axis, e.g., as output from plt.gca().
    '''

    limits = np.array([
        ax.get_xlim3d(),
        ax.get_ylim3d(),
        ax.get_zlim3d(),
    ])

    origin = np.mean(limits, axis=1)
    radius = 0.5 * np.max(np.abs(limits[:, 1] - limits[:, 0]))
    set_axes_radius(ax, origin, radius)

用法：

fig = plt.figure()
ax = fig.gca(projection='3d')
ax.set_aspect('equal')         # important!

# ...draw here...

set_axes_equal(ax)             # important!
plt.show()

Answer 6

从 matplotlib 3.3.0 开始，Axes3D.set_box_aspect似乎是推荐的方法。

import numpy as np

xs, ys, zs = <your data>
ax = <your axes>

# Option 1: aspect ratio is 1:1:1 in data space
ax.set_box_aspect((np.ptp(xs), np.ptp(ys), np.ptp(zs)))

# Option 2: aspect ratio 1:1:1 in view space
ax.set_box_aspect((1, 1, 1))

Answer 7

从 matplotlib 3.6.0 开始，此功能已通过命令 添加ax.set_aspect('equal')。其他选项包括'equalxy'、'equalxz'和'equalyz'，仅将两个方向设置为相等的长宽比。这会更改数据限制，如下例。

在即将推出的 3.7.0 中，您将能够通过命令更改绘图框的纵横比而不是数据限制ax.set_aspect('equal', adjustable='box')。要获得原始行为，请使用adjustable='datalim'.

Answer 8

编辑: user2525140的代码应该完全正常,虽然这个答案应该试图修复一个不存在的错误.下面的答案只是一个重复(替代)实现:

def set_aspect_equal_3d(ax):
    """Fix equal aspect bug for 3D plots."""

    xlim = ax.get_xlim3d()
    ylim = ax.get_ylim3d()
    zlim = ax.get_zlim3d()

    from numpy import mean
    xmean = mean(xlim)
    ymean = mean(ylim)
    zmean = mean(zlim)

    plot_radius = max([abs(lim - mean_)
                       for lims, mean_ in ((xlim, xmean),
                                           (ylim, ymean),
                                           (zlim, zmean))
                       for lim in lims])

    ax.set_xlim3d([xmean - plot_radius, xmean + plot_radius])
    ax.set_ylim3d([ymean - plot_radius, ymean + plot_radius])
    ax.set_zlim3d([zmean - plot_radius, zmean + plot_radius])