字典和默认值

Question

假设connectionDetails是一个Python字典,那么重构这样的代码的最好,最优雅,最"pythonic"的方法是什么？

if "host" in connectionDetails:
    host = connectionDetails["host"]
else:
    host = someDefaultValue

Answer 1

像这样:

host = connectionDetails.get('host', someDefaultValue)

Answer 2

你也可以这样使用defaultdict:

from collections import defaultdict
a = defaultdict(lambda: "default", key="some_value")
a["blabla"] => "default"
a["key"] => "some_value"

您可以传递任何普通函数而不是lambda:

from collections import defaultdict
def a():
  return 4

b = defaultdict(a, key="some_value")
b['absent'] => 4
b['key'] => "some_value"

Answer 3

虽然这.get()是一个很好的习惯用语,但速度要慢于if/else(并且比try/except在大多数情况下可以预期字典中存在键的速度慢):

>>> timeit.timeit(setup="d={1:2, 3:4, 5:6, 7:8, 9:0}", 
... stmt="try:\n a=d[1]\nexcept KeyError:\n a=10")
0.07691968797894333
>>> timeit.timeit(setup="d={1:2, 3:4, 5:6, 7:8, 9:0}", 
... stmt="try:\n a=d[2]\nexcept KeyError:\n a=10")
0.4583777282275605
>>> timeit.timeit(setup="d={1:2, 3:4, 5:6, 7:8, 9:0}", 
... stmt="a=d.get(1, 10)")
0.17784020746671558
>>> timeit.timeit(setup="d={1:2, 3:4, 5:6, 7:8, 9:0}", 
... stmt="a=d.get(2, 10)")
0.17952161730158878
>>> timeit.timeit(setup="d={1:2, 3:4, 5:6, 7:8, 9:0}", 
... stmt="if 1 in d:\n a=d[1]\nelse:\n a=10")
0.10071221458065338
>>> timeit.timeit(setup="d={1:2, 3:4, 5:6, 7:8, 9:0}", 
... stmt="if 2 in d:\n a=d[2]\nelse:\n a=10")
0.06966537335119938

Answer 4

对于多个不同的默认值,请尝试:

connectionDetails = { "host": "www.example.com" }
defaults = { "host": "127.0.0.1", "port": 8080 }

completeDetails = {}
completeDetails.update(defaults)
completeDetails.update(connectionDetails)
completeDetails["host"]  # ==> "www.example.com"
completeDetails["port"]  # ==> 8080

Answer 5

python词典中有一个方法可以做到这一点: dict.setdefault

connectionDetails.setdefault('host',someDefaultValue)
host = connectionDetails['host']

但是这种方法设置的值connectionDetails['host']到someDefaultValue如果关键host是没有定义,不像有什么问题问.

Answer 6

(这是一个迟到的答案)

另一种方法是将类子dict类化并实现该__missing__()方法,如下所示:

class ConnectionDetails(dict):
    def __missing__(self, key):
        if key == 'host':
            return "localhost"
        raise KeyError(key)

例子:

>>> connection_details = ConnectionDetails(port=80)

>>> connection_details['host']
'localhost'

>>> connection_details['port']
80

>>> connection_details['password']
Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "python", line 1, in <module>
  File "python", line 6, in __missing__
KeyError: 'password'

Answer 7

您可以使用dict.get()默认值。

d = {"a" :1, "b" :2}
x = d.get("a",5)
y = d.get("c",6)

# This will give
# x = 1, y = 6
# as the result

由于“a”在键中，x = d.get("a",5)因此将返回关联的 value 1。由于“c”不在键中，y = d.get("c",6)因此将返回默认值6。

Answer 8

测试 @Tim Pietzcker 对 Python 3.3.5 的 PyPy (5.2.0-alpha0) 情况的怀疑，我发现确实两者.get()和if/else方式执行相似。实际上，在 if/else 情况下，如果条件和赋值涉及相同的键，则甚至只有一次查找（与有两次查找的最后一种情况相比）。

>>>> timeit.timeit(setup="d={1:2, 3:4, 5:6, 7:8, 9:0}",
.... stmt="try:\n a=d[1]\nexcept KeyError:\n a=10")
0.011889292989508249
>>>> timeit.timeit(setup="d={1:2, 3:4, 5:6, 7:8, 9:0}",
.... stmt="try:\n a=d[2]\nexcept KeyError:\n a=10")
0.07310474599944428
>>>> timeit.timeit(setup="d={1:2, 3:4, 5:6, 7:8, 9:0}",
.... stmt="a=d.get(1, 10)")
0.010391917996457778
>>>> timeit.timeit(setup="d={1:2, 3:4, 5:6, 7:8, 9:0}",
.... stmt="a=d.get(2, 10)")
0.009348208011942916
>>>> timeit.timeit(setup="d={1:2, 3:4, 5:6, 7:8, 9:0}",
.... stmt="if 1 in d:\n a=d[1]\nelse:\n a=10")
0.011475925013655797
>>>> timeit.timeit(setup="d={1:2, 3:4, 5:6, 7:8, 9:0}",
.... stmt="if 2 in d:\n a=d[2]\nelse:\n a=10")
0.009605801998986863
>>>> timeit.timeit(setup="d={1:2, 3:4, 5:6, 7:8, 9:0}",
.... stmt="if 2 in d:\n a=d[2]\nelse:\n a=d[1]")
0.017342638995614834