为什么Mysql优化器在执行'select*from lookup'而没有order by子句时选择二级索引.
它只是一个侥幸,或者这是一个幕后优化,假设你添加了一个二级索引,它比主键更重要.
我希望通过主键对结果进行排序,因为扫描所有叶节点可以提供回答此查询所需的所有数据.
要重现我创建一个简单的键/值对表(注意不是auto_increment)
create table lookup (
id int not null,
primary key (id),
name varchar(25),
unique k_name (name)
) engine=innodb;
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以随机非字母顺序插入一些数据
insert into lookup values(1, "Zebra"),(2, "Aardvark"),(3, "Fish"),(4,"Dog"),(5,"Cat"),(6,"Mouse");
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查询数据(这是我希望以主键的顺序返回数据的地方)
mysql> select * from lookup;
+----+----------+
| id | name |
+----+----------+
| 2 | Aardvark |
| 5 | Cat |
| 4 | Dog |
| 3 | Fish |
| 6 | Mouse |
| 1 | Zebra |
+----+----------+
6 rows in set (0.00 sec)
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但事实并非如此 - 似乎已经完成了对k_name叶节点的扫描.这里显示
mysql> explain select * from lookup;
+----+-------------+--------+-------+---------------+--------+---------+------+------+-------------+
| id | select_type | table | type | possible_keys | key | key_len | ref | rows | Extra |
+----+-------------+--------+-------+---------------+--------+---------+------+------+-------------+
| 1 | SIMPLE | lookup | index | NULL | k_name | 28 | NULL | 6 | Using index |
+----+-------------+--------+-------+---------------+--------+---------+------+------+-------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
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对我来说,这说Mysql使用k_name作为覆盖索引来返回数据.如果我删除k_name索引,则以主键顺序返回数据.如果我添加另一个未索引的列,则以主键顺序返回数据.
有关我的设置的一些基本信息.
mysql> show table status like 'lookup'\G
*************************** 1. row ***************************
Name: lookup
Engine: InnoDB
Version: 10
Row_format: Compact
Rows: 6
Avg_row_length: 2730
Data_length: 16384
Max_data_length: 0
Index_length: 16384
Data_free: 0
Auto_increment: NULL
Create_time: 2011-11-15 10:42:35
Update_time: NULL
Check_time: NULL
Collation: latin1_swedish_ci
Checksum: NULL
Create_options:
Comment:
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
mysql> select version();
+------------+
| version() |
+------------+
| 5.5.15-log |
+------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
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实际上,聚集索引(又名gen_clust_index)的填充顺序除了 rowid 顺序外没有任何规律或原因。实际上不可能按照 id 顺序对 rowids 进行排序。
在 InnoDB 中,非聚集索引(也称为二级索引)中的记录包含不在二级索引中的行的主键列。InnoDB 使用此主键值来搜索聚集索引中的行。
二级索引控制顺序。但是,每个二级索引条目都有一个指向正确行的主键条目。另外,请考虑您提到的 k_name 覆盖索引场景。
现在,让我们换个话题来讨论 PRIMARY KEY 和 k_name:
问题:谁的原始查询请求的列更多,是主键还是 k_name ?
答案:k_name,因为它同时包含名称和 ID(ID 是内部的,因为它是主键)。覆盖索引 k_name 比主键更好地满足查询。
现在,如果查询是SELECT * FROM ORDER BY id,您的 EXPLAIN PLAN 应该如下所示:
mysql> explain select * from lookup order by id;
+----+-------------+--------+-------+---------------+---------+---------+------+------+-------+
| id | select_type | table | type | possible_keys | key | key_len | ref | rows | Extra |
+----+-------------+--------+-------+---------------+---------+---------+------+------+-------+
| 1 | SIMPLE | lookup | index | NULL | PRIMARY | 4 | NULL | 6 | |
+----+-------------+--------+-------+---------------+---------+---------+------+------+-------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
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在不指定顺序的情况下,MySQL 查询优化器会选择最能满足您的查询的索引。当然,k_name 具有不公平的优势,因为
您根本无法操纵行的顺序。这是证明:
mysql> alter table lookup order by name;
Query OK, 6 rows affected, 1 warning (0.23 sec)
Records: 6 Duplicates: 0 Warnings: 1
mysql> show warnings;
+---------+------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Level | Code | Message |
+---------+------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Warning | 1105 | ORDER BY ignored as there is a user-defined clustered index in the table 'lookup' |
+---------+------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
mysql> alter table lookup order by id;
Query OK, 6 rows affected, 1 warning (0.19 sec)
Records: 6 Duplicates: 0 Warnings: 1
mysql> show warnings;
+---------+------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Level | Code | Message |
+---------+------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Warning | 1105 | ORDER BY ignored as there is a user-defined clustered index in the table 'lookup' |
+---------+------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
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