bin*_*unt 3 python generics type-hinting mypy python-typing
假设我有一个基类
from typing import List, Optional
class Node:
def __init__(self, name: str) -> None:
self.name = name
self.children: List['Node'] = []
...
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和一个子类
class PropertiesNode(Node):
def __init__(
self, name: str, properties: List[str], inherit: Optional['PropertiesNode']
) -> None:
Node.__init__(self, name)
self.properties = set(properties)
if inherit:
self.properties.update(inherit.properties)
self.children = deepcopy(inherit.children)
for child in self.children:
child.properties.update(properties)
# ^ ERR: "Node" has no attribute "properties" [attr-defined]
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正如您所看到的,mypy(正确地)在那里标记了一个错误,因为Node.children明确给出了List[Node].
所以我阅读了泛型类型,在我看来,解决方案是使用TypeVars 和Generic:
from typing import Generic, List, Optional, TypeVar
N = TypeVar('N', bound='Node')
P = TypeVar('P', bound='PropertiesNode')
class Node(Generic[N]):
def __init__(self: N, name: str) -> None:
self.name = name
self.children: List[N] = []
class PropertiesNode(Node[P]):
def __init__(
self: P, name: str, properties: List[str], inherit: Optional[P]
) -> None:
Node.__init__(self, name)
self.properties = set(properties)
if inherit:
self.properties.update(inherit.properties)
self.children = deepcopy(inherit.children)
for child in self.children:
child.properties.update(properties)
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但是,现在当我实例化这些类时,我得到了
foo = Node("foo")
# ^ ERR Need type annotation for "foo" [var-annotated]
bar = PropertiesNode("bar", ["big", "green"], None)
# ^ ERR Need type annotation for "bar" [var-annotated]
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现在,我可以通过这样做来沉默这些
foo: Node = Node("foo")
bar: PropertiesNode = PropertiesNode(...)
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但为什么这会让它沉默——我不会在那里给我的任何新信息?我想得越多,就越Generic觉得这不是正确的选择,因为事实是:Nodeor的所有实例都与PropertiesNode具有self.children完全相同的类型self。
但是如果我删除Generic[N]from class Node(Generic[N]):,我最终会再次遇到原来的错误:
class PropertiesNode(Node):
...
child.properties.update(properties)
# ^ ERR "N" has no attribute "properties" [attr-defined]
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这里发生了两件事
\n1. 泛型
\n注释变量foo: Node,其中Node是泛型类,相当于将其注释为foo: Node[typing.Any]。它将在默认设置上使 MyPy 静音,但如果您选择使用 MyPy 并将一些更严格的标志设置为True(我建议这样做!),您会发现 MyPy 仍然将此类事情标记为错误。
如果您在 MyPy 中运行此命令:
\nfrom typing import TypeVar, Generic, List\n\nN = TypeVar(\'N\', bound=\'Node\')\n\nclass Node(Generic[N]):\n def __init__(self: N, name: str) -> None:\n self.name = name\n self.children: List[N] = []\n\nfoo: Node = Node("foo")\nreveal_type(foo)\nRun Code Online (Sandbox Code Playgroud)\n您会发现 MyPy 将返回一条类似于以下内容的消息:
\nRevealed type is "__main__.Node[Any]"\nRun Code Online (Sandbox Code Playgroud)\n(NBreveal_type是 MyPy 可以识别的函数,但如果您尝试在运行时使用它,则会失败。)
要让 MyPy 将未参数化的泛型标记为错误,请使用命令行参数运行 MyPy --disallow-any-generics。这样做意味着 MyPy 将标记以下错误:
main.py:3: error: Missing type parameters for generic type "Node"\nmain.py:10: error: Missing type parameters for generic type "Node"\nRun Code Online (Sandbox Code Playgroud)\n迫使您将代码调整为以下内容:
\nfrom typing import TypeVar, Generic, List, Any\n\nN = TypeVar(\'N\', bound=\'Node[Any]\')\n\nclass Node(Generic[N]):\n def __init__(self: N, name: str) -> None:\n self.name = name\n self.children: List[N] = []\n\nfoo: Node[Any] = Node("foo")\nRun Code Online (Sandbox Code Playgroud)\n这让 MyPy 再次高兴,并说了与您在原始代码中所说的相同的事情,但更明确。
\n然而...
\n2.我认为在这种情况下没有必要使用泛型
\n您不必从 generic 继承来用注释self参数。此外,正如您在问题中所说,无论是从 MyPy 的角度还是从阅读您代码的其他人的角度来看,继承在这里并没有真正意义。我会像这样修改你的代码:__init__TypeVarGeneric
from typing import List, Optional, TypeVar, Any\nfrom copy import deepcopy\n \nN = TypeVar(\'N\', bound=\'Node\')\nP = TypeVar(\'P\', bound=\'PropertiesNode\')\n\nclass Node:\n def __init__(self: N, name: str, *args: Any, **kwargs: Any) -> None:\n self.name = name\n self.children: List[N] = []\n \nclass PropertiesNode(Node):\n def __init__(self: P, name: str, properties: List[str], inherit: Optional[P], *args: Any, **kwargs: Any) -> None:\n super().__init__(name)\n self.properties = set(properties)\n if inherit is not None:\n self.properties.update(inherit.properties)\n self.children: List[P] = deepcopy(inherit.children)\n for child in self.children:\n child.properties.update(properties)\nRun Code Online (Sandbox Code Playgroud)\n现在,我们有了让 MyPy 满意的注释,即使是在最严格的设置下,它们甚至对人类也有意义!
\n注意,我在这里更改了代码中的另外两件事:
\n*args, **kwargs参数,它们违反了里氏替换原则。通过添加这些参数,您可以避免该问题。__init__if inherit为python 中的if inherit is not None很多东西都可以是False-y ,因此在测试某个值是否为 -y 时,通过身份进行测试要安全得多None。| 归档时间: |
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