内存分配在操作系统的最低级别如何发生?

Aar*_*V77 1 c memory x86 operating-system memory-management

我试图弄清楚如何在操作系统的最低级别分配内存。据我所知,操作系统只是在对可用内存和不可用内存进行记账,而C编程语言将在最低级别进行分配。

因此,第一个示例是我作为一个简单的内存分配系统想到的,然后从以下资源中获取了一个示例:https : //github.com/levex/osdev

示例1:

    struct heap_elements {
        int start_address;
        int end_address;
        int size;
        int reservation;
    };

    struct heap_elements heap[25];

    // Write len copies of val into dest.
    void memset(int *dest, int val, int len)
    {
        int *temp = (int *)dest;
        for ( ; len != 0; len--) *temp++ = val;
    }

    /*
    * This function will take a source and destination and copy n amount
    * - of bytes from the source to the destination address. 
    */ 
    void memory_copy(unsigned char *source, unsigned char *destination, int bytes) {
        for (int i = 0; i < bytes; i++) {
            *(destination + i) = *(source + i);
        }
    }

    int find_memory_hole(int size) {

        for (int i = 0; i < total_elements; i++) {
            if (heap[i].reservation == 0) {
                if (heap[i].size >= size || heap[i].size == 0) {
                return i;
                }
            }
        }
        return -1;
    }

    int * malloc(int size) {   
        int hole = find_memory_hole(size);
        if (hole != -1) {
            if (heap[hole].start_address == 0) {
                heap[hole].start_address = ending_address;
                ending_address += size;
                heap[hole].end_address = ending_address;
                heap[hole].size = size;
                heap[hole].reservation = 1;
                kprintf("Starting address: %d\n", heap[hole].start_address);
                kprintf("Ending address: %d\n", heap[hole].end_address);
            } else {
                heap[hole].size = size;
                heap[hole].reservation = 1;
            }
            memset((int*)heap[hole].start_address, 0, size);
            return (int*)heap[hole].start_address;
        } else {
            kprintf("FREE SOME MEMORY~!\n");
            kprintf("WE NEED ROOM IN HERE~!\n");
            return 0;
        }
    }

    void heap_install() {
        total_elements = 25;
        starting_address = 0x100000;  // 1 - MB
        ending_address = 0x100000;    // 1 - MB
        max_memory_address = 0xEEE00000;  // 4 - GB

        for (int i = 0; i < total_elements; i++) {
            heap[i].start_address = 0;
            heap[i].end_address = 0;
            heap[i].size = 0;
            heap[i].reservation = 0;
        }

        return;
    }

    void free(void * pointer) {

        int memory_found = 0;
        kprintf("Address %d\n", &pointer);
        int memory_address = &pointer;

        for (int i = 0; i < total_elements; i++) {
            if (heap[i].start_address == memory_address) {
                heap[i].size = 0;
                heap[i].reservation = 0;
                memory_found = 1;
                break;
            }
        }

        if (memory_found == 0)
            kprintf("Memory could not bee free'd (NOT FOUND).\n");

        return;
    }
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示例2:

    void mm_init(unsigned kernel_end)
    {
        kprintf("The kernel end is: %d\n", kernel_end);
        last_alloc = kernel_end + 0x1000;   // Set our starting point.
        heap_begin = last_alloc;
        heap_end = 0x5B8D80;                // Set the bar to 6 MB
        memset((char *)heap_begin, 0, heap_end - heap_begin);
    }

    void mm_print_out()
    {
        kprintf("Memory used: %d bytes\n", memory_used);
        kprintf("Memory free: %d bytes\n", heap_end - heap_begin - memory_used);
        kprintf("Heap size: %d bytes\n", heap_end - heap_begin);
        kprintf("Heap start: 0x%x\n", heap_begin);
        kprintf("Heap end: 0x%x\n", heap_end);
    }

    void free(void *mem)
    {
        alloc_t *alloc = (mem - sizeof(alloc_t));
        memory_used -= alloc->size + sizeof(alloc_t);
        alloc->status = 0;
    }

    char* malloc(unsigned size)
    {
        if(!size) return 0;

        /* Loop through blocks and find a block sized the same or bigger */
        unsigned char *mem = (unsigned char *)heap_begin;
        while((unsigned)mem < last_alloc)
        {
            alloc_t *a = (alloc_t *)mem;
            /* If the alloc has no size, we have reaced the end of allocation */

            if(!a->size)
                goto nalloc;
            /* If the alloc has a status of 1 (allocated), then add its size
            * and the sizeof alloc_t to the memory and continue looking.
            */
            if(a->status) {
                mem += a->size;
                mem += sizeof(alloc_t);
                mem += 4;
                continue;
            }
            /* If the is not allocated, and its size is bigger or equal to the
            * requested size, then adjust its size, set status and return the location.
            */
            if(a->size >= size)
            {
                /* Set to allocated */
                a->status = 1;
                memset(mem + sizeof(alloc_t), 0, size);
                memory_used += size + sizeof(alloc_t);
                return (char *)(mem + sizeof(alloc_t));
            }
            /* If it isn't allocated, but the size is not good, then
            * add its size and the sizeof alloc_t to the pointer and
            * continue;
            */
            mem += a->size;
            mem += sizeof(alloc_t);
            mem += 4;
        }

        nalloc:;
        if(last_alloc+size+sizeof(alloc_t) >= heap_end)
        {
            panic("From Memory.c", "Something", 0);
        }
        alloc_t *alloc = (alloc_t *)last_alloc;
        alloc->status = 1;
        alloc->size = size;

        last_alloc += size;
        last_alloc += sizeof(alloc_t);
        last_alloc += 4;

        memory_used += size + 4 + sizeof(alloc_t);
        memset((char *)((unsigned)alloc + sizeof(alloc_t)), 0, size);
        return (char *)((unsigned)alloc + sizeof(alloc_t));

    }
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从这两个示例中,我都希望从malloc()分配的内存与在其分配的位置具有相同的起始地址,如果有意义的话?如果我知道内核的末尾是0x9000标记,那么我想开始以1 MB标记分配内存。是的,我知道我的内核在内存中的位置很奇怪,而不是常规的,但是我知道超过1 MB标记后内存是可用的。

因此,如果我知道以下内容:

kernel_end = 0x9000;
heap_starts = 0x100000;
heap_ends = 0x5B8D80;
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我希望这:

char * ptr = malloc(5)

printf("The memory address for this pointer is at: %d\n", &ptr);
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会在0x100000内存地址附近,但不是。这是一些完全不同的地方,这也是为什么我认为我不是在物理上告诉char指针在内存中的位置,而是C语言将它放在不同的地方的原因。我无法弄清楚我在做什么错,理解这一点应该不难。另外,我已经查看了OSDev Wiki,但没有发现任何东西。

Joh*_*ger 5

我试图弄清楚如何在操作系统的最低级别分配内存。据我所知,操作系统只是在对可用内存和不可用内存进行记账,而C编程语言将在最低级别进行分配。

操作系统肯定会对可用内存和不可用内存进行簿记,但是将它们大幅度地简化了,我怀疑您对“内存”在这里的含义和最合适的含义有所不同。

操作系统的虚拟内存管理子系统管理如何将物理内存和其他存储资源(例如基于磁盘的交换空间)映射到每个进程的虚拟地址空间,包括进程的虚拟地址空间中有多少以及哪些部分映射到可用内存。它服务于增加或减少进程的可用虚拟内存的请求,以及创建内存映射(例如基于普通文件的内存映射)的显式请求。

至于服务malloc()用户空间程序中的调用,您或多或少是正确的。程序一般获得从操作系统内存在相当大的块,其中malloc()free()和朋友们瓜分和管理。通常,只有当进程填满了已经可用的内存,并且需要从内核请求更多信息时,这些细节才涉及内核。

但是最低级别肯定在内核中。C库的内存管理功能只能与OS分配给进程的内存一起使用。

从这两个示例中,我都希望从malloc()分配的内存与在其分配的位置具有相同的起始地址,如果有意义的话?如果我知道内核的末尾是0x9000标记,那么我想开始以1 MB标记分配内存。是的,我知道我的内核在内存中的位置很奇怪,而不是常规的,但是我知道超过1 MB标记后内存是可用的。

内核的内存视图不同于用户空间进程。每个进程都在其自己的虚拟地址空间中运行,无法查看其使用的物理地址。