D. *_*ies 5 python fortran ctypes
我正在尝试使用 ctypes 并两次加载相同的编译 Fortran 库,这样我就有两个独立的实例,这样库包含的任何模块变量都不会存储在相同的内存位置。描述的一般解决方案(例如,此处:https : //mail.python.org/pipermail/python-list/2010-May/575368.html)是提供库的完整路径,而不仅仅是其名称。但是,我无法让它像这样工作。这是一个演示问题的最小工作示例:
测试.f90:
module test
use iso_c_binding, only: c_int
implicit none
integer :: n
contains
integer(c_int) function get() bind(c, name='get')
get = n
end function get
subroutine set(new_n) bind(c, name='set')
integer(c_int), intent(in) :: new_n
n = new_n
end subroutine set
end module test
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测试.py:
import os
from ctypes import cdll, c_int, byref
if __name__ == '__main__':
lib1 = cdll.LoadLibrary(os.path.abspath('test.so'))
lib2 = cdll.LoadLibrary(os.path.abspath('test.so'))
lib1.set(byref(c_int(0)))
lib2.set(byref(c_int(1)))
print(lib1.get())
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Fortran 库是使用以下命令编译的:
gfortran -shared -fPIC -o test.so test.f90
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当我运行时,python test.py我得到1作为输出,而我想得到0. 有谁知道如何使这项工作?
[Python.Docs]: ctypes - Python 的外部函数库使用DlOpen加载库(在Nix上) 。根据[Man7]:DLOPEN(3):
如果使用dlopen()再次加载相同的共享对象,则返回相同的对象句柄。动态链接器维护对象句柄的引用计数,因此动态加载的共享对象不会被释放,直到对它调用dlclose()次数与dlopen()成功调用它的次数相同。
我准备了一个小例子。
在进一步讨论之前,请检查[SO]: C function Called from Python via ctypes returns invalid value (@CristiFati 的答案),了解使用CTypes时经常遇到的错误(也在问题中)的详细信息。
dll00.c:
#if defined(_WIN32)
# define DLL00_EXPORT_API __declspec(dllexport)
#else
# define DLL00_EXPORT_API
#endif
static int val = -1;
DLL00_EXPORT_API int get()
{
return val;
}
DLL00_EXPORT_API void set(int i)
{
val = i;
}
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代码00.py:
#!/usr/bin/env python
import ctypes as cts
import os
import shutil
import sys
def get_dll_funcs(dll):
get_func = dll.get
get_func.argtypes = ()
get_func.restype = cts.c_int
set_func = dll.set
set_func.argtypes = (cts.c_int,)
set_func.restype = None
return get_func, set_func
def main(*argv):
dll00 = "./dll00.so"
dll01 = "./dll01.so"
dir00 = "dir00"
os.makedirs(dir00, exist_ok=True)
shutil.copy(dll00, dir00)
shutil.copy(dll00, dll01)
dll_names = [dll00, os.path.abspath(dll00), os.path.join(dir00, dll00), dll01]
dlls = [cts.CDLL(item) for item in dll_names]
for idx, dll in enumerate(dlls):
print("Item {:d} ({:s}) was loaded at {:08X}".format(idx, dll_names[idx], dll._handle))
set_func = get_dll_funcs(dll)[1]
set_func(idx * 10)
for idx, dll in enumerate(dlls):
get_func = get_dll_funcs(dll)[0]
print("Item {:d} get() returned {: d}".format(idx, get_func()))
if __name__ == "__main__":
print("Python {:s} {:03d}bit on {:s}\n".format(" ".join(elem.strip() for elem in sys.version.split("\n")),
64 if sys.maxsize > 0x100000000 else 32, sys.platform))
rc = main(*sys.argv[1:])
print("\nDone.\n")
sys.exit(rc)
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输出:
Run Code Online (Sandbox Code Playgroud)[cfati@cfati-5510-0:/mnt/e/Work/Dev/StackOverflow/q054243176]> ~/sopr.sh ### Set shorter prompt to better fit when pasted in StackOverflow (or other) pages ### [064bit prompt]>ls code00.py dll00.c [064bit prompt]> gcc -fPIC -shared -o dll00.so dll00.c [064bit prompt]> ls code00.py dll00.c dll00.so [064bit prompt]> python ./code.py Python 3.5.2 (default, Nov 12 2018, 13:43:14) [GCC 5.4.0 20160609] 064bit on linux Item 0 (./dll00.so) was loaded at 02437A80 Item 1 (/mnt/e/Work/Dev/StackOverflow/q054243176/dll00.so) was loaded at 02437A80 Item 2 (dir00/./dll00.so) was loaded at 02438690 Item 3 (./dll01.so) was loaded at 02438EF0 Item 0 get() returned 10 Item 1 get() returned 10 Item 2 get() returned 20 Item 3 get() returned 30
从输出中可以看出(还要注意_handle属性),尝试多次加载相同的.dll (通过其路径)( Win上的行为相同):
如果位于同一路径(即使指定不同),实际上不会再次加载它,它只是增加其RefCount
如果其名称或位置不同,则会再次加载
简而言之,要回答您的问题:只需将其复制到不同的名称并加载即可。
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