我一直在试用绑定包 - 你可以尝试使用的一个玩具示例是System F.与包文档中的示例不同,它包含一个由lambda绑定的变量的类型参数,System F将有两个类型参数,一个用于普通变量(由普通的lambda抽象绑定),一个用于类型变量(由类型抽象绑定).
我不太明白如何使用这个包,但是看一下这些例子,我得到的印象是我应该从编写Monad表达式类型的实例开始.然而,我遇到了麻烦,因为我无法想出具体的东西并且"显然是正确的"(即通过检查看起来直观正确).到目前为止我有
{-# LANGUAGE DeriveTraversable #-}
{-# LANGUAGE DeriveFoldable #-}
{-# LANGUAGE DeriveFunctor #-}
{-# LANGUAGE LambdaCase #-}
module SystemF where
import Bound
import Control.Monad
import Data.Bifunctor
-- e ::= x | ?x : ?. e | e1 e2 | ?X. e | e [?]
-- t denotes type variables, e denotes expression variables
data Exp t e
= Var e
| Lam (Scope () (Exp t) e)
| App (Exp t e) (Exp t e)
| TyLam (Scope () (FlipExp e) t) -- Is this correct?
| TyApp (Exp t e) (Type t)
newtype FlipExp e t = FlipExp { getExp :: Exp t e }
instance Functor (Exp t) where
fmap = second
instance Bifunctor Exp where
bimap f g = \case
Var e -> Var (g e)
Lam s -> Lam (bimapInScope f g s)
App e1 e2 -> App (bimap f g e1) (bimap f g e2)
TyLam s' -> TyLam (bimapInScope g f s')
TyApp e t -> TyApp (bimap f g e) (fmap f t)
where
bimapInScope f g = Scope . bimap f (second (bimap f g)) . unscope
instance Applicative (Exp t) where
pure = Var
(<*>) = ap
instance Monad (Exp t) where
x >>= f = case x of
Var v -> f v
Lam s -> Lam (s >>>= f)
App e1 e2 -> App (e1 >>= f) (e2 >>= f)
TyLam s ->
-- tmp :: Exp (Var () (Exp t a) a
-- but we need Exp (Var () (Exp t b)) b
-- just applying >>= inside the first argument
-- is insufficient as the outer 'a' won't change
let tmp = first (second getExp) $ getExp (unscope s)
in error "How do I implement this?"
TyApp e t -> TyApp (e >>= f) t
instance Functor (FlipExp e) where
fmap = second
instance Bifunctor FlipExp where
bimap f g = FlipExp . bimap g f . getExp
-- ? ::= X | ? -> ? | ? X . ?
data Type t
= TVar t
| TFun (Type t) (Type t)
| TForall (Scope () Type t)
deriving (Functor, Foldable, Traversable)
instance Applicative Type where
pure = TVar
(<*>) = ap
instance Monad Type where
x >>= f = case x of
TVar v -> f v
TFun t1 t2 -> TFun (t1 >>= f) (t2 >>= f)
TForall s -> TForall (s >>>= f)
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Exp t?如果有,怎么样?请参阅此处的讨论和@phadej 的bound-extras软件包此处。
要点是类型抽象是一个术语级别的事物(因此是 的变体Expr),需要对Types 进行抽象。PlainScope b f a不适合处理这种情况,因为它的扩展对于这两种情况f (Either b (f a))都是f固定的。您希望外部f是 an Expr,而内部应该是 a Type。这导致了以下概括Scope:
newtype ScopeH b f g a = ScopeH (g (Either b (f a)))
newtype ScopeT b t f a = ScopeT (t f (Either b (f a)))
newtype Expr' a b = Expr' (Expr b a)
data Expr b a
= V a
...
| TyApp (Expr b a) (Ty b)
| Forall (ScopeH () (Expr' a) Ty b)
...
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Expr' a修复了术语变量的 de Bruijn 索引,以便ScopeH构造函数可以引入一个附加类型变量来放入b孔中。
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