我正在学习Haskell中的并行策略.
我写了基于梯形规则(顺序)的积分函数:
integrateT :: (Fractional a, Enum a, NFData a) => (a -> a) -> (a,a) -> a -> a
integrateT f (ini, fin) dx
= let lst = map f [ini,ini+dx..fin]
in sum lst * dx - 0.5 * (f ini + f fin) * dx
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我运行如下:
main = do
print $ (integrateT (\x -> x^4 - x^3 + x^2 + x/13 + 1) (0.0,1000000.0) 0.01 :: Double)
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以下是运行的统计信息:
stack exec lab5 -- +RTS -ls -N2 -s
1.9999974872991426e29
18,400,147,552 bytes allocated in the heap
20,698,168 bytes copied during GC
66,688 bytes maximum residency (2 sample(s))
35,712 bytes maximum slop
3 MB total memory in use (0 MB lost due to fragmentation)
Tot time (elapsed) Avg pause Max pause
Gen 0 17754 colls, 17754 par 0.123s 0.105s 0.0000s 0.0011s
Gen 1 2 colls, 1 par 0.000s 0.000s 0.0001s 0.0002s
Parallel GC work balance: 0.27% (serial 0%, perfect 100%)
TASKS: 6 (1 bound, 5 peak workers (5 total), using -N2)
SPARKS: 0 (0 converted, 0 overflowed, 0 dud, 0 GC'd, 0 fizzled)
INIT time 0.001s ( 0.001s elapsed)
MUT time 6.054s ( 5.947s elapsed)
GC time 0.123s ( 0.106s elapsed)
EXIT time 0.001s ( 0.008s elapsed)
Total time 6.178s ( 6.061s elapsed)
Alloc rate 3,039,470,269 bytes per MUT second
Productivity 98.0% of total user, 98.2% of total elapsed
gc_alloc_block_sync: 77
whitehole_spin: 0
gen[0].sync: 0
gen[1].sync: 0
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你可以看到它运行得非常快.但是当我试图让它像这样平行时,例如:
integrateT :: (Fractional a, Enum a, NFData a) => (a -> a) -> (a,a) -> a -> a
integrateT f (ini, fin) dx
= let lst = (map f [ini,ini+dx..fin]) `using` parListChunk 100 rdeepseq
in sum lst * dx - 0.5 * (f ini + f fin) * dx
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它总是运行得更久.以下是上面运行的示例统计信息:
stack exec lab5 -- +RTS -ls -N2 -s
1.9999974872991426e29
59,103,320,488 bytes allocated in the heap
17,214,458,128 bytes copied during GC
2,787,092,160 bytes maximum residency (15 sample(s))
43,219,264 bytes maximum slop
5570 MB total memory in use (0 MB lost due to fragmentation)
Tot time (elapsed) Avg pause Max pause
Gen 0 44504 colls, 44504 par 16.907s 10.804s 0.0002s 0.0014s
Gen 1 15 colls, 14 par 4.006s 2.991s 0.1994s 1.2954s
Parallel GC work balance: 33.60% (serial 0%, perfect 100%)
TASKS: 6 (1 bound, 5 peak workers (5 total), using -N2)
SPARKS: 1000001 (1000001 converted, 0 overflowed, 0 dud, 0 GC'd, 0 fizzled)
INIT time 0.001s ( 0.001s elapsed)
MUT time 14.298s ( 12.392s elapsed)
GC time 20.912s ( 13.795s elapsed)
EXIT time 0.000s ( 0.003s elapsed)
Total time 35.211s ( 26.190s elapsed)
Alloc rate 4,133,806,996 bytes per MUT second
Productivity 40.6% of total user, 47.3% of total elapsed
gc_alloc_block_sync: 2304055
whitehole_spin: 0
gen[0].sync: 0
gen[1].sync: 1105370
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我在这里看到的东西很少:
我试验了一下:
parListChunk与首先构建列表主干等的开销相比,只有当到目前为止大部分计算成本都在评估各个列表元素时,这样的策略才有意义。然而,对于integrateT简单的多项式,这些元素的计算成本非常低,并且大部分成本将在列表开销中。它在顺序版本中仍然高效运行的唯一原因是 GHC 可以内联/融合大部分业务,但显然在并行版本中不行。
解决方案:让每个线程运行一个适当可融合的顺序版本,即划分区间而不是其离散列表形式。喜欢
integrateT :: (Fractional a, Enum a, NFData a) => (a -> a) -> (a,a) -> a -> a
integrateT f (ini, fin) dx
= let lst = map f [ini,ini+dx..fin]
in sum lst * dx - 0.5 * (f ini + f fin) * dx
integrateT_par :: (Fractional a, Enum a, NFData a) => (a -> a) -> (a,a) -> a -> a
integrateT_par f (l,r) dx
= let chunks = [ integrateT f (l + i*wChunk, l + (i+1)*wChunk) dx
| i<-[0..nChunks-1] ]
`using` parList rdeepseq
in sum chunks
where nChunks = 100
wChunk = (r-l)/nChunks
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与顺序版本相比,这不会有明显更差的内存或性能。
请注意,当我现在测试它时,它实际上似乎根本没有并行运行,但很确定我只是错过了设置中的一些内容......