当在对象上定义而不在类上定义时,方法是尾递归

Question

在对象上定义递归方法:

object Recursive {
    def recurse(maxDepth: Int = 10): Unit = {
        if (maxDepth == 0) throw new Exception
        recurse(maxDepth - 1)
    }
}

得到:

scala> Recursive.recurse(10)
java.lang.Exception
        at Recursive$.recurse(<console>:7)
        at .<init>(<console>:7)
        at .<clinit>(<console>)
        at RequestResult$.<init>(<console>:9)
        at RequestResult$.<clinit>(<console>)
        at RequestResult$scala_repl_result(<console>)
        at sun.reflect.NativeMethodAccessorImpl.invoke0(Native Method)
        at sun.reflect.NativeMethodAccessorImpl.invoke(NativeMethodAccessorImpl.java:39)
        at sun.reflect.DelegatingMethodAccessorImpl.invoke(DelegatingMethodAccessorImpl.java:25)
        at java.lang.reflect.Method.invoke(Method.java:597)
        at scala.tools.nsc.Interpreter$Request$$anonfun$loadAndRun$1$$anonfun$apply$17.apply(Interpreter.scala:988)
        at scala.tools.nsc.Interpreter$Request$$anonfun$loadAndRun$1$$anonfun$apply$17.apply(Interpreter.scala:988)
        at scala.util.control.Exception$Catch.apply(Exception.scal...

但是在课堂上定义它:

class Recursive {
    def recurse(maxDepth: Int = 10): Unit = {
        if (maxDepth == 0) throw new Exception
        recurse(maxDepth - 1)
    }
}

得到:

scala> new Recursive recurse(10)
java.lang.Exception
        at Recursive.recurse(<console>:7)
        at Recursive.recurse(<console>:8)
        at Recursive.recurse(<console>:8)
        at Recursive.recurse(<console>:8)
        at Recursive.recurse(<console>:8)
        at Recursive.recurse(<console>:8)
        at Recursive.recurse(<console>:8)
        at Recursive.recurse(<console>:8)
        at Recursive.recurse(<console>:8)
        at Recursive.recurse(<console>:8)
        at Recursive.recurse(<console>:8)
        at .<init>(<console>:7)
        at .<clinit>(<console>)
        at RequestResult$.<init>(<console>:9)
        at RequestResult$.<clinit>(<console>)
        at RequestResult$scala_repl_result(<console>)
        at sun.reflect.NativeMethodAccessorImpl.invoke0(Native Method)
        at sun.reflect.NativeMethodAccessorImpl.invoke(NativeMethodAccessorImpl.java:39)
        at sun.reflect.DelegatingMethodAccessorImpl.invoke(DelegatingMethodAcc..

方法是相同的.为什么在类上定义时不是尾递归？

Answer 1

如果要执行尾递归,recurse则无法覆盖.如果recurse是可覆盖的,就像在class声明中那样,其中的任何递归都必须使用动态方法调用(因为它可能是多态的),这不能优化为goto风格的语句.

该object单申报静态保证了明确的调用递归,并让编译器继续进行尾递归优化.

Answer 2

如果您希望方法是尾递归,则应使用它进行注释@tailrec.如果编译器无法应用TCO,则会出错.

scala> import annotation._                           
import annotation._

scala> class Recursive {                                     
     |     @tailrec def recurse(maxDepth: Int = 10): Unit = {
     |         if (maxDepth == 0) throw new Exception        
     |         recurse(maxDepth - 1)                         
     |     }                                                 
     | }
<console>:12: error: could not optimize @tailrec annotated method: it is neither private nor final so can be overridden
           @tailrec def recurse(maxDepth: Int = 10): Unit = {
                        ^