使用复制构造函数而不是Object.clone进行深度复制的正确方法

Question

我有一些代码使用Object.clone执行深层复制,但我正在尝试使用更"可接受"的复制构造函数重写它.下面是我正在尝试做的两个简单示例,第一个使用克隆,第二个使用复制构造函数.

使用克隆的深层复制

 import java.util.*;

 abstract class Person implements Cloneable {
     String name;
     public Object clone() throws CloneNotSupportedException {
         return super.clone();
     }
 }

 class Teacher extends Person implements Cloneable {
     int courses;
     public String toString() { return name + ": courses=" + courses; }
 }

 class Student extends Person implements Cloneable {
     double gpa;
     public String toString() { return name + ": gpa=" + gpa; }
 }

 public class DeepCopy_Clone {
     private static List<Person> deepCopy(List<Person> people) throws CloneNotSupportedException {
         List<Person> copy = new ArrayList<Person>();
         for (Person person : people) {
             copy.add((Person)person.clone());
         }
         return copy;
     }

     public static void main(String[] args) throws CloneNotSupportedException {
         ArrayList<Person> people = new ArrayList<Person>();

         Teacher teacher = new Teacher();
         teacher.name = "Teacher";
         teacher.courses = 5;
         people.add(teacher);

         Student student = new Student();
         student.name = "Student";
         student.gpa = 4.0;
         people.add(student);

         List<Person> peopleCopy = deepCopy(people);

         // Invalidate the original data to prove a deep copy occurred
         teacher.name = null;
         teacher.courses = -1;
         student.name = null;
         student.gpa = -1;

         for (Person person : peopleCopy) {
             System.out.println(person.toString());
         }
     }
 }

使用复制构造函数的深层复制

 import java.util.*;

 abstract class Person {
     String name;
     public Person() {}
     public Person(Person other) {
         this.name = other.name;
     }
     public Person deepCopy() {
         if (this instanceof Teacher) {
             return new Teacher((Teacher)this);
         } else if (this instanceof Student) {
             return new Student((Student)this);
         }

         throw new Error("Unknown type of person");
     }
 }

 class Teacher extends Person {
     int courses;
     public Teacher() {}
     public Teacher(Teacher other) {
         super(other);
         this.courses = other.courses;
     }
     public String toString() { return name + ": courses=" + courses; }
 }

 class Student extends Person {
     double gpa;
     public Student() {}
     public Student(Student other) {
         super(other);
         this.gpa = other.gpa;
     }
     public String toString() { return name + ": gpa=" + gpa; }
 }

 public class DeepCopy_ConstructorAlternative {
     private static List<Person> deepCopy(List<Person> people) {
         List<Person> copy = new ArrayList<Person>();
         for (Person person : people) {
             copy.add(person.deepCopy());
         }
         return copy;
     }

     public static void main(String[] args) {
         ArrayList<Person> people = new ArrayList<Person>();

         Teacher teacher = new Teacher();
         teacher.name = "Teacher";
         teacher.courses = 5;
         people.add(teacher);

         Student student = new Student();
         student.name = "Student";
         student.gpa = 4.0;
         people.add(student);

         List<Person> peopleCopy = deepCopy(people);

         // Invalidate the original data to prove a deep copy occurred
         teacher.name = null;
         teacher.courses = -1;
         student.name = null;
         student.gpa = -1;

         for (Person person : peopleCopy) {
             System.out.println(person.toString());
         }
     }
 }

我觉得有趣的是,尽管所有关于Java中克隆的邪恶的讨论,克隆替代方案需要更少的代码和更少的演员表(至少在这种情况下).

我很感激复制构造函数的反馈.你会以不同的方式做到吗？谢谢.

Answer 1

代替：

 public Object clone() throws CloneNotSupportedException {
     return super.clone();
 }

我更喜欢：

public Person clone() {
    try {
        return (Person) clone();
    } catch (CloneNotSupportedException e) {
        throw new RuntimeException("This should be impossible ...");
    }
}

因此调用者不必处理永远不会发生的异常，也不必进行强制转换。

在复制构造函数方法中，可以更好地以多态方式处理类型切换：

abstract class Person {
    ...
    public abstract Person deepCopy();
}

class Student {
    ...
    public Student deepCopy() {
        return new Student(this);
    }
}

class Teacher {
    ...
    public Teacher deepCopy() {
        return new Teacher(this);
    }
}

现在编译器可以检查您是否为所有子类型提供了深层复制，并且您不需要任何强制转换。

最后，请注意，克隆和复制构造函数方法都具有相同的公共 api（该方法是否被调用clone()并不deepCopy()重要），因此您使用哪种方法是实现细节。复制构造函数方法更加冗长，因为您提供了构造函数和调用该构造函数的方法，但它可以更容易地推广到通用类型转换工具，允许执行以下操作：

public Teacher(Person p) {
    ...
    say("Yay, I got a job");
}

建议：如果您只需要相同的副本，请使用克隆；如果您的调用者可能希望请求特定类型的实例，请使用复制构造函数。