And*_*kin 6 scala tail-recursion out-of-memory scalaz free-monad
假设我只尝试使用一个操作来实现一个非常简单的特定于域的语言:
printLine(line)
Run Code Online (Sandbox Code Playgroud)
然后我想写一个程序,它接受一个整数n作为输入,打印一些东西,如果n可以被10k整除,然后调用自己n + 1,直到n达到一些最大值N.
省略由for-comprehensions引起的所有语法噪音,我想要的是:
@annotation.tailrec def p(n: Int): Unit = {
if (n % 10000 == 0) printLine("line")
if (n > N) () else p(n + 1)
}
Run Code Online (Sandbox Code Playgroud)
从本质上讲,它将是一种"fizzbuzz".
以下是使用Scalaz 7.3.0-M7中的Free monad实现此操作的一些尝试:
import scalaz._
object Demo1 {
// define operations of a little domain specific language
sealed trait Lang[X]
case class PrintLine(line: String) extends Lang[Unit]
// define the domain specific language as the free monad of operations
type Prog[X] = Free[Lang, X]
import Free.{liftF, pure}
// lift operations into the free monad
def printLine(l: String): Prog[Unit] = liftF(PrintLine(l))
def ret: Prog[Unit] = Free.pure(())
// write a program that is just a loop that prints current index
// after every few iteration steps
val mod = 100000
val N = 1000000
// straightforward syntax: deadly slow, exits with OutOfMemoryError
def p0(i: Int): Prog[Unit] = for {
_ <- (if (i % mod == 0) printLine("i = " + i) else ret)
_ <- (if (i > N) ret else p0(i + 1))
} yield ()
// Same as above, but written out without `for`
def p1(i: Int): Prog[Unit] =
(if (i % mod == 0) printLine("i = " + i) else ret).flatMap{
ignore1 =>
(if (i > N) ret else p1(i + 1)).map{ ignore2 => () }
}
// Same as above, with `map` attached to recursive call
def p2(i: Int): Prog[Unit] =
(if (i % mod == 0) printLine("i = " + i) else ret).flatMap{
ignore1 =>
(if (i > N) ret else p2(i + 1).map{ ignore2 => () })
}
// Same as above, but without the `map`; performs ok.
def p3(i: Int): Prog[Unit] = {
(if (i % mod == 0) printLine("i = " + i) else ret).flatMap{
ignore1 =>
if (i > N) ret else p3(i + 1)
}
}
// Variation of the above; Ok.
def p4(i: Int): Prog[Unit] = (for {
_ <- (if (i % mod == 0) printLine("i = " + i) else ret)
} yield ()).flatMap{ ignored2 =>
if (i > N) ret else p4(i + 1)
}
// try to use the variable returned by the last generator after yield,
// hope that the final `map` is optimized away (it's not optimized away...)
def p5(i: Int): Prog[Unit] = for {
_ <- (if (i % mod == 0) printLine("i = " + i) else ret)
stopHere <- (if (i > N) ret else p5(i + 1))
} yield stopHere
// define an interpreter that translates the programs into Trampoline
import scalaz.Trampoline
type Exec[X] = Free.Trampoline[X]
val interpreter = new (Lang ~> Exec) {
def apply[A](cmd: Lang[A]): Exec[A] = cmd match {
case PrintLine(l) => Trampoline.delay(println(l))
}
}
// try it out
def main(args: Array[String]): Unit = {
println("\n p0")
p0(0).foldMap(interpreter).run // extremely slow; OutOfMemoryError
println("\n p1")
p1(0).foldMap(interpreter).run // extremely slow; OutOfMemoryError
println("\n p2")
p2(0).foldMap(interpreter).run // extremely slow; OutOfMemoryError
println("\n p3")
p3(0).foldMap(interpreter).run // ok
println("\n p4")
p4(0).foldMap(interpreter).run // ok
println("\n p5")
p5(0).foldMap(interpreter).run // OutOfMemory
}
}
Run Code Online (Sandbox Code Playgroud)
不幸的是,直接的转换(p0)似乎运行某种O(N ^ 2)开销,并与OutOfMemoryError崩溃.问题似乎是for-comprehension map{x => ()}在递归调用之后附加了一个p0,这迫使Freemonad用"提示'完成'p0'然后什么都不做"的提醒来填充整个内存.如果我手动"展开" for理解,并flatMap明确地写出最后一个(如p3和p4),那么问题就会消失,一切都会顺利进行.然而,这是一个非常脆弱的解决方法:如果我们只是简单地附加一个程序,程序的行为会发生显着变化map(id),而这map(id)在代码中甚至不可见,因为它是由for-comprehension 自动生成的.
在这篇较老的帖子中:https://apocalisp.wordpress.com/2011/10/26/tail-call-elimination-in-scala-monads/
已反复建议将递归调用包装成一个suspend.以下是对Applicative实例的尝试suspend:
import scalaz._
// Essentially same as in `Demo1`, but this time with
// an `Applicative` and an explicit `Suspend` in the
// `for`-comprehension
object Demo2 {
sealed trait Lang[H]
case class Const[H](h: H) extends Lang[H]
case class PrintLine[H](line: String) extends Lang[H]
implicit object Lang extends Applicative[Lang] {
def point[A](a: => A): Lang[A] = Const(a)
def ap[A, B](a: => Lang[A])(f: => Lang[A => B]): Lang[B] = a match {
case Const(x) => {
f match {
case Const(ab) => Const(ab(x))
case _ => throw new Error
}
}
case PrintLine(l) => PrintLine(l)
}
}
type Prog[X] = Free[Lang, X]
import Free.{liftF, pure}
def printLine(l: String): Prog[Unit] = liftF(PrintLine(l))
def ret: Prog[Unit] = Free.pure(())
val mod = 100000
val N = 2000000
// try to suspend the entire second generator
def p7(i: Int): Prog[Unit] = for {
_ <- (if (i % mod == 0) printLine("i = " + i) else ret)
_ <- Free.suspend(if (i > N) ret else p7(i + 1))
} yield ()
// try to suspend the recursive call
def p8(i: Int): Prog[Unit] = for {
_ <- (if (i % mod == 0) printLine("i = " + i) else ret)
_ <- if (i > N) ret else Free.suspend(p8(i + 1))
} yield ()
import scalaz.Trampoline
type Exec[X] = Free.Trampoline[X]
val interpreter = new (Lang ~> Exec) {
def apply[A](cmd: Lang[A]): Exec[A] = cmd match {
case Const(x) => Trampoline.done(x)
case PrintLine(l) =>
(Trampoline.delay(println(l))).asInstanceOf[Exec[A]]
}
}
def main(args: Array[String]): Unit = {
p7(0).foldMap(interpreter).run // extremely slow; OutOfMemoryError
p8(0).foldMap(interpreter).run // same...
}
}
Run Code Online (Sandbox Code Playgroud)
插入suspend并没有真正帮助:它仍然很慢,并且与OutOfMemoryErrors 崩溃.
我应该suspend以某种方式使用不同的方式?
也许有一些纯粹的句法补救措施可以使用for-comprehension而不会产生map最终?
如果有人能指出我在这里做错了什么,以及如何修复它,我真的很感激.
Scala 编译器添加的多余内容map将递归从尾部位置移动到非尾部位置。Free monad 仍然使该堆栈安全,但空间复杂度变为O(N)而不是O(1)。(具体来说,它仍然不是O(N 2 )。)
是否有可能进行scalac优化,这map是一个单独的问题(我不知道答案)。
我将尝试说明解释p1与 时发生的情况p3。(我将忽略对 的翻译Trampoline,这是多余的(见下文)。)
p3(即没有额外的map)让我使用以下简写:
def cont(i: Int): Unit => Prg[Unit] =
ignore1 => if (i > N) ret else p3(i + 1)
Run Code Online (Sandbox Code Playgroud)
现p3(0)解释如下
p3(0)
printLine("i = " + 0) flatMap cont(0)
// side-effect: println("i = 0")
cont(0)
p3(1)
ret flatMap cont(1)
cont(1)
p3(2)
ret flatMap cont(2)
cont(2)
Run Code Online (Sandbox Code Playgroud)
等等...您会发现任何时候所需的内存量都不会超过某个恒定的上限。
p1(即有额外的map)我将使用以下简写:
def cont(i: Int): Unit => Prg[Unit] =
ignore1 => (if (i > N) ret else p1(i + 1)).map{ ignore2 => () }
def cpu: Unit => Prg[Unit] = // constant pure unit
ignore => Free.pure(())
Run Code Online (Sandbox Code Playgroud)
现p1(0)解读如下:
p1(0)
printLine("i = " + 0) flatMap cont(0)
// side-effect: println("i = 0")
cont(0)
p1(1) map { ignore2 => () }
// Free.map is implemented via flatMap
p1(1) flatMap cpu
(ret flatMap cont(1)) flatMap cpu
cont(1) flatMap cpu
(p1(2) map { ignore2 => () }) flatMap cpu
(p1(2) flatMap cpu) flatMap cpu
((ret flatMap cont(2)) flatMap cpu) flatMap cpu
(cont(2) flatMap cpu) flatMap cpu
((p1(3) map { ignore2 => () }) flatMap cpu) flatMap cpu
((p1(3) flatMap cpu) flatMap cpu) flatMap cpu
(((ret flatMap cont(3)) flatMap cpu) flatMap cpu) flatMap cpu
Run Code Online (Sandbox Code Playgroud)
等等...您会看到内存消耗线性取决于N。我们刚刚将计算从堆栈移至堆。
要点:为了保持记忆友好,请将递归保持在“尾部位置”,即在(或)Free的右侧。flatMapmap
旁白:翻译为Trampoline是不必要的,因为Free已经被蹦床了。您可以直接解释Id并用于foldMapRec堆栈安全解释:
val idInterpreter = new (Lang ~> Id) {
def apply[A](cmd: Lang[A]): Id[A] = cmd match {
case PrintLine(l) => println(l)
}
}
p0(0).foldMapRec(idInterpreter)
Run Code Online (Sandbox Code Playgroud)
这将为您重新获得一些记忆(但不会使问题消失)。
| 归档时间: |
|
| 查看次数: |
176 次 |
| 最近记录: |