从用户的触摸中画出一个完美的圆圈

Question

我有这个练习项目,允许用户用手指触摸屏幕.我做的非常简单的App作为锻炼方式回来了.我的小表弟冒昧地用我的iPad用手指在这个应用程序上绘制东西(儿童画:圆圈,线条等等,无论他想到什么).然后他开始绘制圆圈,然后他让我把它变成"好圆圈"(根据我的理解:将绘制的圆圈完美地圆形,因为我们知道无论我们用手指在屏幕上画出一些东西有多稳定,圆圈永远不会像圆圈那样圆润.)

所以我的问题是,在代码中是否有任何方法我们可以首先检测用户绘制的线条,形成一个圆圈,并通过使其在屏幕上完美圆形来生成大致相同大小的圆圈.做一个不那么直线的东西我会知道怎么做,但至于圆圈,我不知道如何用石英或其他方法去做.

我的理由是,在用户抬起手指以证明他正试图实际绘制圆圈之后,线的起点和终点必须相互接触或交叉.

Answer 1

有时花一些时间重新发明轮子真的很有用.您可能已经注意到有很多框架,但是在不引入所有复杂性的情况下实现简单但有用的解决方案并不难.(请不要误解我的意思,为了任何严肃的目的,最好使用一些成熟且经证明是稳定的框架).

我将首先介绍我的结果,然后解释它们背后简单明了的想法.

您将在我的实现中看到,不需要分析每一个点并进行复杂的计算.这个想法是发现一些有价值的元信息.我将使用切线作为示例:

让我们确定一个简单直接的模式,典型的选择形状:

因此,基于该想法实现圆检测机制并不困难.请参阅下面的工作演示(对不起,我使用Java作为提供此快速且有点脏的示例的最快方法):

import java.awt.BasicStroke;
import java.awt.Color;
import java.awt.Dimension;
import java.awt.Graphics;
import java.awt.Graphics2D;
import java.awt.HeadlessException;
import java.awt.Point;
import java.awt.RenderingHints;
import java.awt.event.MouseEvent;
import java.awt.event.MouseListener;
import java.awt.event.MouseMotionListener;
import java.util.ArrayList;
import java.util.List;
import javax.swing.JFrame;
import javax.swing.SwingUtilities;

public class CircleGestureDemo extends JFrame implements MouseListener, MouseMotionListener {

    enum Type {
        RIGHT_DOWN,
        LEFT_DOWN,
        LEFT_UP,
        RIGHT_UP,
        UNDEFINED
    }

    private static final Type[] circleShape = {
        Type.RIGHT_DOWN,
        Type.LEFT_DOWN,
        Type.LEFT_UP,
        Type.RIGHT_UP};

    private boolean editing = false;
    private Point[] bounds;
    private Point last = new Point(0, 0);
    private List<Point> points = new ArrayList<>();

    public CircleGestureDemo() throws HeadlessException {
        super("Detect Circle");

        addMouseListener(this);
        addMouseMotionListener(this);
        setDefaultCloseOperation(JFrame.EXIT_ON_CLOSE);

        setPreferredSize(new Dimension(800, 600));
        pack();
    }

    @Override
    public void paint(Graphics graphics) {
        Dimension d = getSize();
        Graphics2D g = (Graphics2D) graphics;

        super.paint(g);

        RenderingHints qualityHints = new RenderingHints(RenderingHints.KEY_ANTIALIASING, RenderingHints.VALUE_ANTIALIAS_ON);
        qualityHints.put(RenderingHints.KEY_RENDERING, RenderingHints.VALUE_RENDER_QUALITY);
        g.setRenderingHints(qualityHints);

        g.setColor(Color.RED);
        if (cD == 0) {
            Point b = null;
            for (Point e : points) {
                if (null != b) {
                    g.drawLine(b.x, b.y, e.x, e.y);
                }
                b = e;
            }
        }else if (cD > 0){
            g.setColor(Color.BLUE);
            g.setStroke(new BasicStroke(3));
            g.drawOval(cX, cY, cD, cD);
        }else{
            g.drawString("Uknown",30,50);
        }
    }


    private Type getType(int dx, int dy) {
        Type result = Type.UNDEFINED;

        if (dx > 0 && dy < 0) {
            result = Type.RIGHT_DOWN;
        } else if (dx < 0 && dy < 0) {
            result = Type.LEFT_DOWN;
        } else if (dx < 0 && dy > 0) {
            result = Type.LEFT_UP;
        } else if (dx > 0 && dy > 0) {
            result = Type.RIGHT_UP;
        }

        return result;
    }

    private boolean isCircle(List<Point> points) {
        boolean result = false;
        Type[] shape = circleShape;
        Type[] detected = new Type[shape.length];
        bounds = new Point[shape.length];

        final int STEP = 5;

        int index = 0;        
        Point current = points.get(0);
        Type type = null;

        for (int i = STEP; i < points.size(); i += STEP) {
            Point next = points.get(i);
            int dx = next.x - current.x;
            int dy = -(next.y - current.y);

            if(dx == 0 || dy == 0) {
                continue;
            }

            Type newType = getType(dx, dy);
            if(type == null || type != newType) {
                if(newType != shape[index]) {
                    break;
                }
                bounds[index] = current;
                detected[index++] = newType;
            }
            type = newType;            
            current = next;

            if (index >= shape.length) {
                result = true;
                break;
            }
        }

        return result;
    }

    @Override
    public void mousePressed(MouseEvent e) {
        cD = 0;
        points.clear();
        editing = true;
    }

    private int cX;
    private int cY;
    private int cD;

    @Override
    public void mouseReleased(MouseEvent e) {
        editing = false;
        if(points.size() > 0) {
            if(isCircle(points)) {
                cX = bounds[0].x + Math.abs((bounds[2].x - bounds[0].x)/2);
                cY = bounds[0].y;
                cD = bounds[2].y - bounds[0].y;
                cX = cX - cD/2;

                System.out.println("circle");
            }else{
                cD = -1;
                System.out.println("unknown");
            }
            repaint();
        }
    }

    @Override
    public void mouseDragged(MouseEvent e) {
        Point newPoint = e.getPoint();
        if (editing && !last.equals(newPoint)) {
            points.add(newPoint);
            last = newPoint;
            repaint();
        }
    }

    @Override
    public void mouseMoved(MouseEvent e) {
    }

    @Override
    public void mouseEntered(MouseEvent e) {
    }

    @Override
    public void mouseExited(MouseEvent e) {
    }

    @Override
    public void mouseClicked(MouseEvent e) {
    }

    public static void main(String[] args) {
        SwingUtilities.invokeLater(new Runnable() {

            @Override
            public void run() {
                CircleGestureDemo t = new CircleGestureDemo();
                t.setVisible(true);
            }
        });
    }
}

在iOS上实现类似行为应该不是问题,因为您只需要几个事件和坐标.类似于以下内容(参见示例):

- (void)touchesBegan:(NSSet *)touches withEvent:(UIEvent *)event {
    UITouch* touch = [[event allTouches] anyObject];
}

- (void)handleTouch:(UIEvent *)event {
    UITouch* touch = [[event allTouches] anyObject];
    CGPoint location = [touch locationInView:self];

}

- (void)touchesMoved:(NSSet *)touches withEvent:(UIEvent *)event {
    [self handleTouch: event];
}

- (void)touchesEnded:(NSSet *)touches withEvent:(UIEvent *)event {
    [self handleTouch: event];    
}

有几种增强可能.

从任何一点开始

目前的要求是从顶部中间点开始绘制圆形,原因如下:

        if(type == null || type != newType) {
            if(newType != shape[index]) {
                break;
            }
            bounds[index] = current;
            detected[index++] = newType;
        }

请注意使用的默认值index.通过形状的可用"部分"进行简单搜索将消除该限制.请注意,您需要使用循环缓冲区来检测完整形状:

顺时针和逆时针

为了支持这两种模式,您需要使用先前增强中的循环缓冲区并在两个方向上搜索:

画一个椭圆

您拥有bounds数组中已有的所有内容.

只需使用该数据:

cWidth = bounds[2].y - bounds[0].y;
cHeight = bounds[3].y - bounds[1].y;

其他手势(可选)

最后,您只需要正确处理dx(或dy)等于零的情况,以支持其他手势:

更新

这个小PoC得到了很高的关注,所以我确实更新了一些代码,以使其顺利运行并提供一些绘图提示,突出支持点等:

这是代码:

import java.awt.BasicStroke;
import java.awt.BorderLayout;
import java.awt.Color;
import java.awt.Dimension;
import java.awt.Graphics;
import java.awt.Graphics2D;
import java.awt.HeadlessException;
import java.awt.Point;
import java.awt.RenderingHints;
import java.awt.event.MouseEvent;
import java.awt.event.MouseListener;
import java.awt.event.MouseMotionListener;
import java.util.ArrayList;
import java.util.List;
import javax.swing.JFrame;
import javax.swing.JPanel;
import javax.swing.SwingUtilities;

public class CircleGestureDemo extends JFrame {

    enum Type {

        RIGHT_DOWN,
        LEFT_DOWN,
        LEFT_UP,
        RIGHT_UP,
        UNDEFINED
    }

    private static final Type[] circleShape = {
        Type.RIGHT_DOWN,
        Type.LEFT_DOWN,
        Type.LEFT_UP,
        Type.RIGHT_UP};

    public CircleGestureDemo() throws HeadlessException {
        super("Circle gesture");
        setDefaultCloseOperation(JFrame.EXIT_ON_CLOSE);
        setLayout(new BorderLayout());
        add(BorderLayout.CENTER, new GesturePanel());
        setPreferredSize(new Dimension(800, 600));
        pack();
    }

    public static class GesturePanel extends JPanel implements MouseListener, MouseMotionListener {

        private boolean editing = false;
        private Point[] bounds;
        private Point last = new Point(0, 0);
        private final List<Point> points = new ArrayList<>();

        public GesturePanel() {
            super(true);
            addMouseListener(this);
            addMouseMotionListener(this);
        }

        @Override
        public void paint(Graphics graphics) {
            super.paint(graphics);

            Dimension d = getSize();
            Graphics2D g = (Graphics2D) graphics;

            RenderingHints qualityHints = new RenderingHints(RenderingHints.KEY_ANTIALIASING,
                    RenderingHints.VALUE_ANTIALIAS_ON);
            qualityHints.put(RenderingHints.KEY_RENDERING, RenderingHints.VALUE_RENDER_QUALITY);

            g.setRenderingHints(qualityHints);

            if (!points.isEmpty() && cD == 0) {
                isCircle(points, g);
                g.setColor(HINT_COLOR);
                if (bounds[2] != null) {
                    int r = (bounds[2].y - bounds[0].y) / 2;
                    g.setStroke(new BasicStroke(r / 3 + 1));
                    g.drawOval(bounds[0].x - r, bounds[0].y, 2 * r, 2 * r);
                } else if (bounds[1] != null) {
                    int r = bounds[1].x - bounds[0].x;
                    g.setStroke(new BasicStroke(r / 3 + 1));
                    g.drawOval(bounds[0].x - r, bounds[0].y, 2 * r, 2 * r);
                }
            }

            g.setStroke(new BasicStroke(2));
            g.setColor(Color.RED);

            if (cD == 0) {
                Point b = null;
                for (Point e : points) {
                    if (null != b) {
                        g.drawLine(b.x, b.y, e.x, e.y);
                    }
                    b = e;
                }

            } else if (cD > 0) {
                g.setColor(Color.BLUE);
                g.setStroke(new BasicStroke(3));
                g.drawOval(cX, cY, cD, cD);
            } else {
                g.drawString("Uknown", 30, 50);
            }
        }

        private Type getType(int dx, int dy) {
            Type result = Type.UNDEFINED;

            if (dx > 0 && dy < 0) {
                result = Type.RIGHT_DOWN;
            } else if (dx < 0 && dy < 0) {
                result = Type.LEFT_DOWN;
            } else if (dx < 0 && dy > 0) {
                result = Type.LEFT_UP;
            } else if (dx > 0 && dy > 0) {
                result = Type.RIGHT_UP;
            }

            return result;
        }

        private boolean isCircle(List<Point> points, Graphics2D g) {
            boolean result = false;
            Type[] shape = circleShape;
            bounds = new Point[shape.length];

            final int STEP = 5;
            int index = 0;
            int initial = 0;
            Point current = points.get(0);
            Type type = null;

            for (int i = STEP; i < points.size(); i += STEP) {
                final Point next = points.get(i);
                final int dx = next.x - current.x;
                final int dy = -(next.y - current.y);

                if (dx == 0 || dy == 0) {
                    continue;
                }

                final int marker = 8;
                if (null != g) {
                    g.setColor(Color.BLACK);
                    g.setStroke(new BasicStroke(2));
                    g.drawOval(current.x - marker/2, 
                               current.y - marker/2, 
                               marker, marker);
                }

                Type newType = getType(dx, dy);
                if (type == null || type != newType) {
                    if (newType != shape[index]) {
                        break;
                    }
                    bounds[index++] = current;
                }

                type = newType;
                current = next;
                initial = i;

                if (index >= shape.length) {
                    result = true;
                    break;
                }
            }
            return result;
        }

        @Override
        public void mousePressed(MouseEvent e) {
            cD = 0;
            points.clear();
            editing = true;
        }

        private int cX;
        private int cY;
        private int cD;

        @Override
        public void mouseReleased(MouseEvent e) {
            editing = false;
            if (points.size() > 0) {
                if (isCircle(points, null)) {
                    int r = Math.abs((bounds[2].y - bounds[0].y) / 2);
                    cX = bounds[0].x - r;
                    cY = bounds[0].y;
                    cD = 2 * r;
                } else {
                    cD = -1;
                }
                repaint();
            }
        }

        @Override
        public void mouseDragged(MouseEvent e) {
            Point newPoint = e.getPoint();
            if (editing && !last.equals(newPoint)) {
                points.add(newPoint);
                last = newPoint;
                repaint();
            }
        }

        @Override
        public void mouseMoved(MouseEvent e) {
        }

        @Override
        public void mouseEntered(MouseEvent e) {
        }

        @Override
        public void mouseExited(MouseEvent e) {
        }

        @Override
        public void mouseClicked(MouseEvent e) {
        }
    }

    public static void main(String[] args) {
        SwingUtilities.invokeLater(new Runnable() {

            @Override
            public void run() {
                CircleGestureDemo t = new CircleGestureDemo();
                t.setVisible(true);
            }
        });
    }

    final static Color HINT_COLOR = new Color(0x55888888, true);
}

Answer 2

用于检测形状的经典计算机视觉技术是霍夫变换.Hough变换的一个好处是它非常容忍部分数据,不完美的数据和噪声.使用霍夫圆圈:http: //en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hough_transform#Circle_detection_process

鉴于您的圆圈是手绘的,我认为霍夫变换可能是一个很好的匹配.

这是一个"简化"的解释,我为它并不是那么简单而道歉.其中大部分来自我多年前做过的学校项目.

霍夫变换是一种投票方案.分配二维整数数组,并将所有元素设置为零.每个元素对应于被分析图像中的单个像素.该数组被称为累加器数组,因为每个元素将累积信息,投票,表示像素可能位于圆或弧的原点的可能性.

将梯度算子边缘检测器应用于图像,并记录边缘像素或边缘像素.edge1是相对于其邻居具有不同强度或颜色的像素.差异程度称为梯度大小.对于足够幅度的每个边缘1,应用投票方案,其将递增累加器阵列的元素.递增的元素(投票)对应于通过所考虑的edgel的圆的可能来源.期望的结果是,如果存在弧,那么真正的起源将获得比假起源更多的选票.

注意,为了投票而访问的累加器阵列的元素在所考虑的edgel周围形成一个圆.计算要投票的x,y坐标与计算要绘制的圆的x,y坐标相同.

在手绘图像中,您可以直接使用设置(彩色)像素,而不是计算边缘.

现在,如果像素位置不完美,则无需获得具有最多投票数的单个累加器数组元素.你可以得到一组具有一堆投票的相邻数组元素,一个集群.该星团的重心可以为原点提供良好的近似.

请注意,您可能必须为半径R的不同值运行Hough变换.产生更密集的投票群的那个是"更好"的拟合.

有各种技术可用于减少虚假来源的投票.例如,使用edgels的一个优点是它们不仅具有幅度,而且它们也具有方向.在投票时,我们只需要在适当的方向上投票选出可能的起源.获得投票的地点将形成弧而不是完整的圆.

这是一个例子.我们从半径为1的圆和一个初始化的累加器数组开始.由于每个像素被认为是潜在的来源被投票.真正的起源得到的票数最多,在这种情况下是四票.

.  empty pixel
X  drawn pixel
*  drawn pixel currently being considered

. . . . .   0 0 0 0 0
. . X . .   0 0 0 0 0
. X . X .   0 0 0 0 0
. . X . .   0 0 0 0 0
. . . . .   0 0 0 0 0

. . . . .   0 0 0 0 0
. . X . .   0 1 0 0 0
. * . X .   1 0 1 0 0
. . X . .   0 1 0 0 0
. . . . .   0 0 0 0 0

. . . . .   0 0 0 0 0
. . X . .   0 1 0 0 0
. X . X .   1 0 2 0 0
. . * . .   0 2 0 1 0
. . . . .   0 0 1 0 0

. . . . .   0 0 0 0 0
. . X . .   0 1 0 1 0
. X . * .   1 0 3 0 1
. . X . .   0 2 0 2 0
. . . . .   0 0 1 0 0

. . . . .   0 0 1 0 0
. . * . .   0 2 0 2 0
. X . X .   1 0 4 0 1
. . X . .   0 2 0 2 0
. . . . .   0 0 1 0 0

Answer 3

这是另一种方式.使用UIView touchesBegan,touchesMoved,touchesEnded并向数组添加点.将数组分成两半,并测试一个数组中的每个点与另一个数组中的对应点的大小是否与所有其他对的大小相同.

    NSMutableArray * pointStack;

    - (void)touchesBegan:(NSSet *)touches withEvent:(UIEvent *)event
    {
        // Detect touch anywhere
    UITouch *touch = [touches anyObject];


    pointStack = [[NSMutableArray alloc]init];

    CGPoint touchDownPoint = [touch locationInView:touch.view];


    [pointStack addObject:touchDownPoint];

    }


    /**
     * 
     */
    - (void)touchesMoved:(NSSet *)touches withEvent:(UIEvent *)event
    {

            UITouch* touch = [touches anyObject];
            CGPoint touchDownPoint = [touch locationInView:touch.view];

            [pointStack addObject:touchDownPoint];  

    }

    /**
     * So now you have an array of lots of points
     * All you have to do is find what should be the diameter
     * Then compare opposite points to see if the reach a similar diameter
     */
    - (void)touchesEnded:(NSSet *)touches withEvent:(UIEvent *)event
    {
            uint pointCount = [pointStack count];

    //assume the circle was drawn a constant rate and the half way point will serve to calculate or diameter
    CGPoint startPoint = [pointStack objectAtIndex:0];
    CGPoint halfWayPoint = [pointStack objectAtIndex:floor(pointCount/2)];

    float dx = startPoint.x - halfWayPoint.x;
    float dy = startPoint.y - halfWayPoint.y;


    float diameter = sqrt((dx*dx) + (dy*dy));

    bool isCircle = YES;// try to prove false!

    uint indexStep=10; // jump every 10 points, reduce to be more granular

    // okay now compare matches
    // e.g. compare indexes against their opposites and see if they have the same diameter
    //
      for (uint i=indexStep;i<floor(pointCount/2);i+=indexStep)
      {

      CGPoint testPointA = [pointStack objectAtIndex:i];
      CGPoint testPointB = [pointStack objectAtIndex:floor(pointCount/2)+i];

      dx = testPointA.x - testPointB.x;
      dy = testPointA.y - testPointB.y;


      float testDiameter = sqrt((dx*dx) + (dy*dy));

      if(testDiameter>=(diameter-10) && testDiameter<=(diameter+10)) // +/- 10 ( or whatever degree of variance you want )
      {
      //all good
      }
      else
      {
      isCircle=NO;
      }

    }//end for loop

    NSLog(@"iCircle=%i",isCircle);

}

听起来还好吗？:)