那些遇到过的问题

为什么这个OCaml程序比我的C程序更快？

Jas*_*ker 11 c performance ocaml

我用C,Python和OCaml 编写了一个基本的Hippity Hop程序.当然,这可能不是这三种语言的非常好的基准.但我得到的结果是这样的:

  • Python:.350秒
  • C:.050秒
  • 解释 OCaml:.040秒
  • 编译OCaml:.010

python性能并没有让我感到惊讶,但我对OCaml的速度感到震惊(尤其是解释版本).为了比较,我将发布C版本和OCaml版本.

C

#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <assert.h>

long get_count(char *name);

int main(int argc, char *argv[])
{
  if (argc != 2){
    printf("Filename must be specified as a positional argument.\n");
    exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
  }

  long count_no = get_count(argv[1]);

  int i;
  for (i = 1; i <= count_no; i++){
    if (((i % 3) == 0) && ((i % 5) == 0)){
      printf("Hop\n");
      continue;
    }
    if ((i % 3) == 0){
      printf("Hoppity\n");
    }
    if ((i % 5) == 0){
      printf("Hophop\n");
    }
  }
  return 0;
}

long get_count(char *name){
  FILE *fileptr = fopen(name, "r");
  if (!fileptr){
    printf("Unable to open file %s.\n", name);
    exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
  }
  size_t text_len = 20;
  char *file_text = calloc(text_len, sizeof(char));
  while (!feof(fileptr)){
    fread(file_text, sizeof(char), text_len, fileptr);
    assert(!ferror(fileptr));
    text_len += 20;
    file_text = realloc(file_text, text_len * sizeof(char));
  }
  long file_as_int = strtol(file_text, NULL, 10);

  free(file_text);
  return file_as_int;
}
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OCaml的

open String;;

let trim str =
  if str = "" then "" else
  let search_pos init p next =
    let rec search i =
      if p i then raise(Failure "empty") else
      match str.[i] with
      | ' ' | '\n' | '\r' | '\t' -> search (next i)
      | _ -> i
    in
    search init
  in
  let len = String.length str in
  try
    let left = search_pos 0 (fun i -> i >= len) (succ)
    and right = search_pos (len - 1) (fun i -> i < 0) (pred)
    in
    String.sub str left (right - left + 1)
  with
  | Failure "empty" -> ""
;;

let rec iterate_over_numbers curr_num max_num =
  (
   if curr_num <= max_num then (
     if ((curr_num mod 3) == 0) && ((curr_num mod 5) == 0) then 
       print_endline "Hop"
     else if (curr_num mod 3) == 0 then 
       print_endline "Hoppity"
     else if (curr_num mod 5) == 0 then
       print_endline "Hophop";
     iterate_over_numbers (curr_num + 1) max_num
   ))
;;


let fname = Sys.argv.(1);;
let infile = open_in fname;;
let file_text = trim (input_line infile);;
close_in infile;;
let input_number = int_of_string file_text;;
iterate_over_numbers 1 input_number;;
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但我很想知道为什么我得到这些结果.我在C程序中做了一些愚蠢的事情,还是这只是OCaml更快的事情？在我看来有点奇怪的是,解释程序运行速度比C版快一点,编译程序运行速度快5倍.

Jon*_*ler 9

你的C代码不是OCaml代码的等价物 - 你在OCaml中使用'else if'来避免不必重新计算模数.

在'读取长整数'中有很多代码.为什么不直接使用fscanf(); 它会自动跳过空白和所有这些,并且避免你这样做malloc().我不经常推荐使用它fscanf(),但这看起来像是一个设置 - 一条线,可能有任何一边的空格,没有有趣的东西.

好奇心杀了猫 - 但在这种情况下,不是豹.

我为MacOS X Intel下载了OCaml 3.11.1,并将问题中的OCaml代码复制到xxx.ml(OCaml)中,并将其编译成目标文件xxx(使用"ocamlc -o xxx xxx.ml"); 我复制了C代码逐字到yyy.c和使用创造一个变种zzz.c fscanf()和fclose(),并使用"GCC -O -o YYY yyy.c"和"GCC -O -o ZZZ zzz.c"编译它们.我创建了一个文件'file3',其中包含:" 987654"加上换行符.我创建了一个shell脚本runthem.sh,如图所示.请注意,'time'是一个令人讨厌的命令,它认为它的输出必须转到stderr,即使你不想它也没有 - 你必须努力工作以获得你想要的输出.(range命令生成给定范围内的数字,包括 - 因此每个程序有11个值.)

Osiris JL: cat runthem.sh
for prog in "ocaml xxx.ml" ./xxx ./yyy ./zzz
do
    for iter in $(range 0 10)
    do
        r=$(sh -c "time $prog file3 >/dev/null" 2>&1)
        echo $prog: $r
    done
done
Osiris JL:
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我在运行Leopard(10.5.8)的现代MacBook Pro(3 GHz Core 2 Duo等,4GB RAM)上运行了所有这些.我得到的时间表示如下:

Osiris JL: sh runthem.sh
ocaml xxx.ml: real 0m0.961s user 0m0.524s sys 0m0.432s
ocaml xxx.ml: real 0m0.953s user 0m0.516s sys 0m0.430s
ocaml xxx.ml: real 0m0.959s user 0m0.517s sys 0m0.431s
ocaml xxx.ml: real 0m0.951s user 0m0.517s sys 0m0.430s
ocaml xxx.ml: real 0m0.952s user 0m0.516s sys 0m0.431s
ocaml xxx.ml: real 0m0.952s user 0m0.514s sys 0m0.431s
ocaml xxx.ml: real 0m0.951s user 0m0.515s sys 0m0.431s
ocaml xxx.ml: real 0m0.959s user 0m0.515s sys 0m0.431s
ocaml xxx.ml: real 0m0.950s user 0m0.515s sys 0m0.431s
ocaml xxx.ml: real 0m0.956s user 0m0.516s sys 0m0.431s
ocaml xxx.ml: real 0m0.952s user 0m0.514s sys 0m0.432s
./xxx: real 0m0.928s user 0m0.494s sys 0m0.430s
./xxx: real 0m0.938s user 0m0.494s sys 0m0.430s
./xxx: real 0m0.927s user 0m0.494s sys 0m0.430s
./xxx: real 0m0.928s user 0m0.492s sys 0m0.430s
./xxx: real 0m0.928s user 0m0.493s sys 0m0.430s
./xxx: real 0m0.927s user 0m0.493s sys 0m0.430s
./xxx: real 0m0.928s user 0m0.492s sys 0m0.430s
./xxx: real 0m0.933s user 0m0.497s sys 0m0.428s
./xxx: real 0m0.926s user 0m0.494s sys 0m0.429s
./xxx: real 0m0.921s user 0m0.492s sys 0m0.428s
./xxx: real 0m0.925s user 0m0.494s sys 0m0.428s
./yyy: real 0m0.027s user 0m0.026s sys 0m0.001s
./yyy: real 0m0.031s user 0m0.026s sys 0m0.002s
./yyy: real 0m0.028s user 0m0.026s sys 0m0.001s
./yyy: real 0m0.029s user 0m0.026s sys 0m0.002s
./yyy: real 0m0.028s user 0m0.026s sys 0m0.001s
./yyy: real 0m0.029s user 0m0.026s sys 0m0.002s
./yyy: real 0m0.028s user 0m0.026s sys 0m0.001s
./yyy: real 0m0.031s user 0m0.026s sys 0m0.002s
./yyy: real 0m0.028s user 0m0.026s sys 0m0.001s
./yyy: real 0m0.030s user 0m0.026s sys 0m0.002s
./yyy: real 0m0.028s user 0m0.026s sys 0m0.001s
./zzz: real 0m0.030s user 0m0.027s sys 0m0.002s
./zzz: real 0m0.029s user 0m0.027s sys 0m0.001s
./zzz: real 0m0.030s user 0m0.027s sys 0m0.002s
./zzz: real 0m0.029s user 0m0.027s sys 0m0.001s
./zzz: real 0m0.030s user 0m0.027s sys 0m0.002s
./zzz: real 0m0.029s user 0m0.027s sys 0m0.001s
./zzz: real 0m0.030s user 0m0.027s sys 0m0.002s
./zzz: real 0m0.029s user 0m0.027s sys 0m0.001s
./zzz: real 0m0.030s user 0m0.027s sys 0m0.002s
./zzz: real 0m0.029s user 0m0.027s sys 0m0.001s
./zzz: real 0m0.030s user 0m0.027s sys 0m0.002s
Osiris JL:
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我没有看到OCaml代码比C代码运行得更快.我在读取的文件中运行了较小数字的测试,结果同样支持C代码:

停止号码:345

ocaml xxx.ml: real 0m0.027s user 0m0.020s sys 0m0.005s
ocaml xxx.ml: real 0m0.021s user 0m0.016s sys 0m0.005s
ocaml xxx.ml: real 0m0.025s user 0m0.016s sys 0m0.004s
ocaml xxx.ml: real 0m0.020s user 0m0.015s sys 0m0.003s
ocaml xxx.ml: real 0m0.022s user 0m0.016s sys 0m0.004s
ocaml xxx.ml: real 0m0.019s user 0m0.015s sys 0m0.003s
ocaml xxx.ml: real 0m0.021s user 0m0.016s sys 0m0.004s
ocaml xxx.ml: real 0m0.020s user 0m0.015s sys 0m0.004s
ocaml xxx.ml: real 0m0.021s user 0m0.016s sys 0m0.004s
ocaml xxx.ml: real 0m0.020s user 0m0.015s sys 0m0.004s
ocaml xxx.ml: real 0m0.021s user 0m0.016s sys 0m0.004s
./xxx: real 0m0.003s user 0m0.001s sys 0m0.002s
./xxx: real 0m0.003s user 0m0.001s sys 0m0.001s
./xxx: real 0m0.003s user 0m0.001s sys 0m0.001s
./xxx: real 0m0.002s user 0m0.001s sys 0m0.001s
./xxx: real 0m0.003s user 0m0.001s sys 0m0.001s
./xxx: real 0m0.005s user 0m0.001s sys 0m0.002s
./xxx: real 0m0.003s user 0m0.001s sys 0m0.002s
./xxx: real 0m0.003s user 0m0.001s sys 0m0.001s
./xxx: real 0m0.003s user 0m0.001s sys 0m0.001s
./xxx: real 0m0.003s user 0m0.001s sys 0m0.001s
./xxx: real 0m0.003s user 0m0.001s sys 0m0.001s
./yyy: real 0m0.002s user 0m0.000s sys 0m0.001s
./yyy: real 0m0.003s user 0m0.000s sys 0m0.001s
./yyy: real 0m0.002s user 0m0.000s sys 0m0.001s
./yyy: real 0m0.002s user 0m0.000s sys 0m0.001s
./yyy: real 0m0.002s user 0m0.000s sys 0m0.001s
./yyy: real 0m0.002s user 0m0.000s sys 0m0.001s
./yyy: real 0m0.002s user 0m0.000s sys 0m0.001s
./yyy: real 0m0.001s user 0m0.000s sys 0m0.001s
./yyy: real 0m0.002s user 0m0.000s sys 0m0.001s
./yyy: real 0m0.002s user 0m0.000s sys 0m0.001s
./yyy: real 0m0.003s user 0m0.000s sys 0m0.002s
./zzz: real 0m0.002s user 0m0.000s sys 0m0.001s
./zzz: real 0m0.002s user 0m0.000s sys 0m0.001s
./zzz: real 0m0.002s user 0m0.000s sys 0m0.001s
./zzz: real 0m0.002s user 0m0.000s sys 0m0.001s
./zzz: real 0m0.002s user 0m0.000s sys 0m0.001s
./zzz: real 0m0.002s user 0m0.000s sys 0m0.001s
./zzz: real 0m0.001s user 0m0.000s sys 0m0.001s
./zzz: real 0m0.002s user 0m0.000s sys 0m0.001s
./zzz: real 0m0.003s user 0m0.000s sys 0m0.002s
./zzz: real 0m0.002s user 0m0.000s sys 0m0.001s
./zzz: real 0m0.002s user 0m0.000s sys 0m0.001s
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停止号码:87654

ocaml xxx.ml: real 0m0.102s user 0m0.059s sys 0m0.041s
ocaml xxx.ml: real 0m0.102s user 0m0.059s sys 0m0.040s
ocaml xxx.ml: real 0m0.101s user 0m0.060s sys 0m0.040s
ocaml xxx.ml: real 0m0.103s user 0m0.059s sys 0m0.041s
ocaml xxx.ml: real 0m0.102s user 0m0.059s sys 0m0.041s
ocaml xxx.ml: real 0m0.101s user 0m0.059s sys 0m0.041s
ocaml xxx.ml: real 0m0.102s user 0m0.059s sys 0m0.040s
ocaml xxx.ml: real 0m0.103s user 0m0.059s sys 0m0.040s
ocaml xxx.ml: real 0m0.101s user 0m0.059s sys 0m0.040s
ocaml xxx.ml: real 0m0.102s user 0m0.059s sys 0m0.040s
ocaml xxx.ml: real 0m0.105s user 0m0.059s sys 0m0.041s
./xxx: real 0m0.092s user 0m0.044s sys 0m0.038s
./xxx: real 0m0.087s user 0m0.044s sys 0m0.039s
./xxx: real 0m0.085s user 0m0.044s sys 0m0.038s
./xxx: real 0m0.084s user 0m0.044s sys 0m0.038s
./xxx: real 0m0.085s user 0m0.044s sys 0m0.039s
./xxx: real 0m0.086s user 0m0.045s sys 0m0.039s
./xxx: real 0m0.085s user 0m0.044s sys 0m0.039s
./xxx: real 0m0.085s user 0m0.044s sys 0m0.038s
./xxx: real 0m0.084s user 0m0.044s sys 0m0.038s
./xxx: real 0m0.084s user 0m0.044s sys 0m0.039s
./xxx: real 0m0.083s user 0m0.044s sys 0m0.038s
./yyy: real 0m0.004s user 0m0.003s sys 0m0.001s
./yyy: real 0m0.004s user 0m0.003s sys 0m0.001s
./yyy: real 0m0.004s user 0m0.003s sys 0m0.001s
./yyy: real 0m0.004s user 0m0.003s sys 0m0.001s
./yyy: real 0m0.005s user 0m0.003s sys 0m0.001s
./yyy: real 0m0.005s user 0m0.003s sys 0m0.001s
./yyy: real 0m0.004s user 0m0.003s sys 0m0.001s
./yyy: real 0m0.004s user 0m0.003s sys 0m0.001s
./yyy: real 0m0.004s user 0m0.003s sys 0m0.001s
./yyy: real 0m0.004s user 0m0.003s sys 0m0.001s
./yyy: real 0m0.006s user 0m0.003s sys 0m0.002s
./zzz: real 0m0.004s user 0m0.003s sys 0m0.001s
./zzz: real 0m0.004s user 0m0.003s sys 0m0.001s
./zzz: real 0m0.004s user 0m0.003s sys 0m0.001s
./zzz: real 0m0.004s user 0m0.003s sys 0m0.001s
./zzz: real 0m0.004s user 0m0.003s sys 0m0.001s
./zzz: real 0m0.005s user 0m0.003s sys 0m0.002s
./zzz: real 0m0.004s user 0m0.003s sys 0m0.001s
./zzz: real 0m0.004s user 0m0.003s sys 0m0.001s
./zzz: real 0m0.004s user 0m0.003s sys 0m0.001s
./zzz: real 0m0.004s user 0m0.003s sys 0m0.001s
./zzz: real 0m0.005s user 0m0.003s sys 0m0.001s
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显然,YMMV - 但似乎OCaml比C慢了很多,但如果给定文件中的数字足够小,那么启动和文件读取将主导处理时间.

C时间,特别是在较小的数字时,是如此之快,以至于它们并不是那么可靠.

vir*_*tor 8

0.05以下的时间可能是一个简单的噪音.重复主程序足够的时间来实际在C中获得~1s的执行时间.(我的意思是在程序本身的循环中重复它,而不是再次运行它)

您是否在启用优化的情况下编译代码？你有没有尝试减少分支机构的数量？(和比较)

if (i % 3 == 0) {
  if (i % 5 == 0) {
    printf("Hop\n");
    continue;
  }
  printf("Hoppity\n");
} else if (i % 5 == 0){
  printf("Hophop\n");
}
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你有没有尝试查看汇编程序输出？

printf也很慢.请尝试puts("Hop")改为,因为您不会使用格式化.

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