外键约束违规问题

Question

我已经确定了 3 种情况。

1. 一个没有注册的学生。
2. 有注册但没有成绩的学生。
3. 有注册和成绩的学生。

注册表上有一个触发器来计算 GPA。如果学生有成绩，它会更新或在 GPA 表中插入一个条目；没有成绩，没有 GPA 表条目。

我可以删除没有注册的学生（#1）。我可以删除一个有注册和成绩的学生（上面的#3）。但是我不能删除有注册但没有成绩的学生（#2）。我得到了一个参考约束违规。

DELETE 语句与 REFERENCE 约束“FK_dbo.GPA_dbo.Student_StudentID”冲突。冲突发生在数据库“”、表“dbo.GPA”、“StudentID”列中。

如果我无法删除没有注册（也没有 GPA 条目）的新学生，那么我会理解约束违规，但我可以删除该学生。这是一个注册但没有成绩（仍然没有 GPA 条目）的学生，我无法删除。

我已经修补了我的触发器，所以我可以继续前进。现在，如果您有注册，无论如何触发器都会将您插入 GPA 表中。但我不明白潜在的问题。任何解释将不胜感激。

物有所值：

1. Visual Studio 2013 专业版。
2. IIS express（VS2013 内部）。
3. 使用 EntityFramework 6.1.1 的 ASP.NET Web 应用程序。
4. MS SQL Server 2014 企业版。
5. GPA.Value 可以为空。
6. Enrollment.GradeID 可以为空。

这是数据库的一个片段：

--编辑--

这些表都是由 EntityFramework 创建的，我使用 SQL Server Management Studio 来生成这些表。

以下是带有约束的创建表语句。：

GPA 桌子：

CREATE TABLE [dbo].[GPA](
    [StudentID] [int] NOT NULL,
    [Value] [float] NULL,
  CONSTRAINT [PK_dbo.GPA] PRIMARY KEY CLUSTERED 
  (
    [StudentID] ASC
  )WITH (PAD_INDEX = OFF, STATISTICS_NORECOMPUTE = OFF, IGNORE_DUP_KEY = OFF, 
         ALLOW_ROW_LOCKS = ON, ALLOW_PAGE_LOCKS = ON) ON [PRIMARY]
) ON [PRIMARY]

ALTER TABLE [dbo].[GPA]  WITH CHECK 
  ADD  CONSTRAINT [FK_dbo.GPA_dbo.Student_StudentID] 
  FOREIGN KEY([StudentID])
  REFERENCES [dbo].[Student] ([ID])

ALTER TABLE [dbo].[GPA] 
  CHECK CONSTRAINT [FK_dbo.GPA_dbo.Student_StudentID]

Enrollment 桌子：

CREATE TABLE [dbo].[Enrollment](
    [EnrollmentID] [int] IDENTITY(1,1) NOT NULL,
    [CourseID] [int] NOT NULL,
    [StudentID] [int] NOT NULL,
    [GradeID] [int] NULL,
  CONSTRAINT [PK_dbo.Enrollment] PRIMARY KEY CLUSTERED 
  (
    [EnrollmentID] ASC
  )WITH (PAD_INDEX = OFF, STATISTICS_NORECOMPUTE = OFF, IGNORE_DUP_KEY = OFF, 
         ALLOW_ROW_LOCKS = ON, ALLOW_PAGE_LOCKS = ON) ON [PRIMARY]
) ON [PRIMARY]

ALTER TABLE [dbo].[Enrollment]  WITH CHECK 
  ADD  CONSTRAINT [FK_dbo.Enrollment_dbo.Course_CourseID] 
  FOREIGN KEY([CourseID])
  REFERENCES [dbo].[Course] ([CourseID])
  ON DELETE CASCADE

ALTER TABLE [dbo].[Enrollment] 
  CHECK CONSTRAINT [FK_dbo.Enrollment_dbo.Course_CourseID]

ALTER TABLE [dbo].[Enrollment]  WITH CHECK 
  ADD  CONSTRAINT [FK_dbo.Enrollment_dbo.Grade_GradeID] 
  FOREIGN KEY([GradeID])
  REFERENCES [dbo].[Grade] ([GradeID])

ALTER TABLE [dbo].[Enrollment] 
  CHECK CONSTRAINT [FK_dbo.Enrollment_dbo.Grade_GradeID]

ALTER TABLE [dbo].[Enrollment]  WITH CHECK 
  ADD  CONSTRAINT [FK_dbo.Enrollment_dbo.Student_StudentID] 
  FOREIGN KEY([StudentID])
  REFERENCES [dbo].[Student] ([ID])
  ON DELETE CASCADE

ALTER TABLE [dbo].[Enrollment] 
  CHECK CONSTRAINT [FK_dbo.Enrollment_dbo.Student_StudentID]

Student 桌子：

CREATE TABLE [dbo].[Student](
    [ID] [int] IDENTITY(1,1) NOT NULL,
    [EnrollmentDate] [datetime] NOT NULL,
    [LastName] [nvarchar](50) NOT NULL,
    [FirstName] [nvarchar](50) NOT NULL,
  CONSTRAINT [PK_dbo.Student] PRIMARY KEY CLUSTERED 
  (
    [ID] ASC
  )WITH (PAD_INDEX = OFF, STATISTICS_NORECOMPUTE = OFF, IGNORE_DUP_KEY = OFF, 
         ALLOW_ROW_LOCKS = ON, ALLOW_PAGE_LOCKS = ON) ON [PRIMARY]
) ON [PRIMARY]

以下是触发器：

CREATE TRIGGER UpdateGPAFromUpdateDelete
ON Enrollment
AFTER UPDATE, DELETE AS
BEGIN
    DECLARE @UpdatedStudentID AS int
    SELECT @UpdatedStudentID = StudentID FROM DELETED
    EXEC MergeGPA @UpdatedStudentID
END

CREATE TRIGGER UpdateGPAFromInsert
ON Enrollment
AFTER INSERT AS
--DECLARE @InsertedGradeID AS int
--SELECT @InsertedGradeID = GradeID FROM INSERTED
--IF @InsertedGradeID IS NOT NULL
    BEGIN
        DECLARE @InsertedStudentID AS int
        SELECT @InsertedStudentID = StudentID FROM INSERTED
        EXEC MergeGPA @InsertedStudentID
    END

向前推进的补丁是注释掉AFTER INSERT触发器中的那些行。

这是存储过程：

CREATE PROCEDURE MergeGPA @StudentID int AS
MERGE GPA AS TARGET
USING (SELECT @StudentID) as SOURCE (StudentID)
ON (TARGET.StudentID = SOURCE.StudentID)
WHEN MATCHED THEN
    UPDATE
        SET Value = (SELECT Value FROM GetGPA(@StudentID))
WHEN NOT MATCHED THEN
INSERT (StudentID, Value)
    VALUES(SOURCE.StudentID, (SELECT Value FROM GetGPA(@StudentID)));

这是数据库功能：

CREATE FUNCTION GetGPA (@StudentID int) 
RETURNS TABLE
AS RETURN
SELECT ROUND(SUM (StudentTotal.TotalCredits) / SUM (StudentTotal.Credits), 2) Value
    FROM (
        SELECT 
            CAST(Credits as float) Credits
            , CAST(SUM(Value * Credits) as float) TotalCredits
        FROM 
            Enrollment e 
            JOIN Course c ON c.CourseID = e.CourseID
            JOIN Grade g  ON e.GradeID = g.GradeID
        WHERE
            e.StudentID = @StudentID AND
            e.GradeID IS NOT NULL
        GROUP BY
            StudentID
            , Value
            , e.courseID
            , Credits
    ) StudentTotal

这是控制器的delete 方法的调试输出，select 语句是查询要删除的内容的方法。该学生有 3 个注册，REFERENCE当第 3 个注册删除时会发生约束问题。我认为 EF 正在使用事务，因为未删除注册。

iisexpress.exe Information: 0 : Component:SQL Database;Method:SchoolInterceptor.ReaderExecuted;Timespan:00:00:00.0004945;Properties:
Command: SELECT 
    [Project2].[StudentID] AS [StudentID], 
    [Project2].[ID] AS [ID], 
    [Project2].[EnrollmentDate] AS [EnrollmentDate], 
    [Project2].[LastName] AS [LastName], 
    [Project2].[FirstName] AS [FirstName], 
    [Project2].[Value] AS [Value], 
    [Project2].[C1] AS [C1], 
    [Project2].[EnrollmentID] AS [EnrollmentID], 
    [Project2].[CourseID] AS [CourseID], 
    [Project2].[StudentID1] AS [StudentID1], 
    [Project2].[GradeID] AS [GradeID]
    FROM ( SELECT 
        [Limit1].[ID] AS [ID], 
        [Limit1].[EnrollmentDate] AS [EnrollmentDate], 
        [Limit1].[LastName] AS [LastName], 
        [Limit1].[FirstName] AS [FirstName], 
        [Limit1].[StudentID] AS [StudentID], 
        [Limit1].[Value] AS [Value], 
        [Extent3].[EnrollmentID] AS [EnrollmentID], 
        [Extent3].[CourseID] AS [CourseID], 
        [Extent3].[StudentID] AS [StudentID1], 
        [Extent3].[GradeID] AS [GradeID], 
        CASE WHEN ([Extent3].[EnrollmentID] IS NULL) THEN CAST(NULL AS int) ELSE 1 END AS [C1]
        FROM   (SELECT TOP (2) 
            [Extent1].[ID] AS [ID], 
            [Extent1].[EnrollmentDate] AS [EnrollmentDate], 
            [Extent1].[LastName] AS [LastName], 
            [Extent1].[FirstName] AS [FirstName], 
            [Extent2].[StudentID] AS [StudentID], 
            [Extent2].[Value] AS [Value]
            FROM  [dbo].[Student] AS [Extent1]
            LEFT OUTER JOIN [dbo].[GPA] AS [Extent2] ON [Extent1].[ID] = [Extent2].[StudentID]
            WHERE [Extent1].[ID] = @p__linq__0 ) AS [Limit1]
        LEFT OUTER JOIN [dbo].[Enrollment] AS [Extent3] ON [Limit1].[ID] = [Extent3].[StudentID]
    )  AS [Project2]
    ORDER BY [Project2].[StudentID] ASC, [Project2].[ID] ASC, [Project2].[C1] ASC: 
iisexpress.exe Information: 0 : Component:SQL Database;Method:SchoolInterceptor.NonQueryExecuted;Timespan:00:00:00.0012696;Properties:
Command: DELETE [dbo].[Enrollment]
WHERE ([EnrollmentID] = @0): 
iisexpress.exe Information: 0 : Component:SQL Database;Method:SchoolInterceptor.NonQueryExecuted;Timespan:00:00:00.0002634;Properties:
Command: DELETE [dbo].[Enrollment]
WHERE ([EnrollmentID] = @0): 
iisexpress.exe Information: 0 : Component:SQL Database;Method:SchoolInterceptor.NonQueryExecuted;Timespan:00:00:00.0002512;Properties:
Command: DELETE [dbo].[Enrollment]
WHERE ([EnrollmentID] = @0): 
iisexpress.exe Error: 0 : Error executing command: DELETE [dbo].[Student]
WHERE ([ID] = @0) Exception: System.Data.SqlClient.SqlException (0x80131904): The DELETE statement conflicted with the REFERENCE constraint "FK_dbo.GPA_dbo.Student_StudentID". The conflict occurred in database "<databasename>", table "dbo.GPA", column 'StudentID'.
The statement has been terminated.

Answer 1

这是时间问题。考虑删除 StudentID #1：

1. 该行从Student表中删除
2. 级联删除从 Enrollment
3. 外键关系GPA->Student被检查
4. 触发器触发，调用 MergeGPA

此时，MergeGPA检查表中是否有 Student #1 的条目GPA。没有（否则步骤 3 中的 FK 检查会引发错误）。

因此，该WHEN NOT MATCHED子句MergeGPA试图为 StudentID #1 排入INSERT一行GPA。此尝试失败（出现 FK 错误），因为 StudentID #1 已从Student表中删除（在第 1 步）。