升级 Ubuntu 16.04 LTS python-minimal 包错误时出错

Question

一切都很顺利，直到今天我决定将 Ubuntu 16.04.3升级到16.04.4

在安装下载的更新的最后阶段时，python-minimal打包安装失败并出现以下错误：

Setting up python-minimal (2.7.12-1~16.04) ...
Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "/usr/local/lib/python2.7/runpy.py", line 174, in _run_module_as_main
    "__main__", fname, loader, pkg_name)
  File "/usr/local/lib/python2.7/runpy.py", line 72, in _run_code
    exec code in run_globals
  File "/usr/local/lib/python2.7/compileall.py", line 16, in <module>
    import struct
  File "/usr/local/lib/python2.7/struct.py", line 1, in <module>
    from _struct import *
ImportError: No module named _struct
dpkg: error processing package python-minimal (--configure):
 subprocess installed post-installation script returned error exit status 1
Errors were encountered while processing:
 python-minimal
E: Sub-process /usr/bin/dpkg returned an error code (1)

我认为重新安装 python 和适当的软件包会有所帮助。但不幸的是，我最终卸载了所有依赖于 python 的 python 包和软件，如 gimp、mplayer、kde、kicad、pycharm 等。

现在，每次我尝试安装 python 时，都会出现以下错误：

$ sudo apt-get install python
Reading package lists... Done
Building dependency tree       
Reading state information... Done
The following additional packages will be installed:
  libpython-stdlib libpython2.7-minimal libpython2.7-stdlib python-minimal python2.7 python2.7-minimal
Suggested packages:
  python-doc python-tk python2.7-doc
The following NEW packages will be installed:
  libpython-stdlib libpython2.7-minimal libpython2.7-stdlib python python-minimal python2.7 python2.7-minimal
0 upgraded, 7 newly installed, 0 to remove and 21 not upgraded.
Need to get 1,628 kB/3,877 kB of archives.
After this operation, 16.6 MB of additional disk space will be used.
Do you want to continue? [Y/n] y
Get:1 http://us.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu xenial-updates/main amd64 libpython2.7-minimal amd64 2.7.12-1ubuntu0~16.04.3 [340 kB]
Get:2 http://us.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu xenial-updates/main amd64 python2.7-minimal amd64 2.7.12-1ubuntu0~16.04.3 [1,261 kB]
Get:3 http://us.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu xenial-updates/main amd64 python-minimal amd64 2.7.12-1~16.04 [28.1 kB]                 
Fetched 1,628 kB in 6s (248 kB/s)                                                                                                 
Selecting previously unselected package libpython2.7-minimal:amd64.
(Reading database ... 250996 files and directories currently installed.)
Preparing to unpack .../libpython2.7-minimal_2.7.12-1ubuntu0~16.04.3_amd64.deb ...
Unpacking libpython2.7-minimal:amd64 (2.7.12-1ubuntu0~16.04.3) ...
Selecting previously unselected package python2.7-minimal.
Preparing to unpack .../python2.7-minimal_2.7.12-1ubuntu0~16.04.3_amd64.deb ...
Unpacking python2.7-minimal (2.7.12-1ubuntu0~16.04.3) ...
Selecting previously unselected package python-minimal.
Preparing to unpack .../python-minimal_2.7.12-1~16.04_amd64.deb ...
Unpacking python-minimal (2.7.12-1~16.04) ...
Selecting previously unselected package libpython2.7-stdlib:amd64.
Preparing to unpack .../libpython2.7-stdlib_2.7.12-1ubuntu0~16.04.3_amd64.deb ...
Unpacking libpython2.7-stdlib:amd64 (2.7.12-1ubuntu0~16.04.3) ...
Selecting previously unselected package python2.7.
Preparing to unpack .../python2.7_2.7.12-1ubuntu0~16.04.3_amd64.deb ...
Unpacking python2.7 (2.7.12-1ubuntu0~16.04.3) ...
Selecting previously unselected package libpython-stdlib:amd64.
Preparing to unpack .../libpython-stdlib_2.7.12-1~16.04_amd64.deb ...
Unpacking libpython-stdlib:amd64 (2.7.12-1~16.04) ...
Processing triggers for man-db (2.7.5-1) ...
Processing triggers for bamfdaemon (0.5.3~bzr0+16.04.20180209-0ubuntu1) ...
Rebuilding /usr/share/applications/bamf-2.index...
Processing triggers for desktop-file-utils (0.22-1ubuntu5.1) ...
Processing triggers for gnome-menus (3.13.3-6ubuntu3.1) ...
Processing triggers for mime-support (3.59ubuntu1) ...
Setting up libpython2.7-minimal:amd64 (2.7.12-1ubuntu0~16.04.3) ...
Setting up python2.7-minimal (2.7.12-1ubuntu0~16.04.3) ...
Linking and byte-compiling packages for runtime python2.7...
Setting up python-minimal (2.7.12-1~16.04) ...
Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "/usr/local/lib/python2.7/runpy.py", line 174, in _run_module_as_main
    "__main__", fname, loader, pkg_name)
  File "/usr/local/lib/python2.7/runpy.py", line 72, in _run_code
    exec code in run_globals
  File "/usr/local/lib/python2.7/compileall.py", line 16, in <module>
    import struct
  File "/usr/local/lib/python2.7/struct.py", line 1, in <module>
    from _struct import *
ImportError: No module named _struct
dpkg: error processing package python-minimal (--configure):
 subprocess installed post-installation script returned error exit status 1
Errors were encountered while processing:
 python-minimal
E: Sub-process /usr/bin/dpkg returned an error code (1)

我也无法安装任何需要 python 的软件。

升级失败后我当前的 ubuntu 版本：

$ lsb_release -a
No LSB modules are available.
Distributor ID: Ubuntu
Description:    Ubuntu 16.04.4 LTS
Release:    16.04
Codename:   xenial

有没有人遇到过类似的问题并且能够解决它？任何帮助将不胜感激。

Answer 1

经过数小时的努力和数百次​​安装/卸载 python 包，看起来我能够安装 python 包，包括python-minimal. 让我分享我的成功故事。

1. 一开始，我什至无法卸载 python-minimal。每次安装/卸载时都会显示我在问题中提到的错误。甚至尝试过，sudo apt-get -f install但没有任何收获。不知何故，我发现它只能与其他几个软件包一起卸载。以下命令，我用来完成删除python-minimal损坏和残留的包：

   sudo apt-get autoremove libpython-stdlib libpython2.7-minimal libpython2.7-stdlib python-minimal python2.7 python2.7-minimal
   

   这将删除所有 python 包和依赖 python 的软件。我知道这很极端，但相信我，我别无选择。

   sudo apt-get remove --purge $(sudo dpkg -l | egrep "^(rc|iU)" | awk '{print $2}' | tr '\n' ' ')
   

   去除剩余的残留和破损的包裹（如果有）。

   注意：我复制了在此步骤中删除的软件包列表。我知道我会再次需要它！

2. 接下来我搜索了所有安装 python2.7 的地方并删除了默认 python 的所有文件和目录。我希望我不必手动删除它们，但别无选择：

   sudo find / -iname python2.7
   /etc/python2.7
   /usr/local/bin/python2.7
   /usr/local/lib/python2.7
   /usr/lib/python2.7
   /usr/bin/python2.7.13/lib/python2.7
   /usr/bin/python2.7.13/bin/python2.7
   /usr/bin/python2.7.13/include/python2.7
   /usr/bin/python2.7
   /usr/include/x86_64-linux-gnu/python2.7
   /usr/include/python2.7
   /usr/share/doc/python2.7
   /usr/share/binfmts/python2.7
   /usr/share/lintian/overrides/python2.7
   /proc/sys/fs/binfmt_misc/python2.7
   /var/lib/binfmts/python2.7
   

   我不必删除上面列出的所有文件/目录，只删除了默认版本：

   sudo rm -rf /etc/python2.7 /usr/local/bin/python2.7 /usr/local/lib/python2.7 /usr/lib/python2.7
   

   还有其他版本的python，并没有造成任何麻烦。我相信搜索可能因用户而异，并且whereis python可以使用命令来获取安装的默认 python 的路径。

3. 接下来，我成功安装了python：

   sudo apt-get install python
   Reading package lists... Done
   Building dependency tree       
   Reading state information... Done
   The following additional packages will be installed:
     libpython-stdlib libpython2.7-minimal libpython2.7-stdlib python-minimal python2.7 python2.7-minimal
   Suggested packages:
     python-doc python-tk python2.7-doc
   The following NEW packages will be installed:
     libpython-stdlib libpython2.7-minimal libpython2.7-stdlib python python-minimal python2.7 python2.7-minimal
   0 upgraded, 7 newly installed, 0 to remove and 21 not upgraded.
   Need to get 0 B/3,877 kB of archives.
   After this operation, 16.6 MB of additional disk space will be used.
   Do you want to continue? [Y/n] y
   Selecting previously unselected package libpython2.7-minimal:amd64.
   (Reading database ... 250996 files and directories currently installed.)
   Preparing to unpack .../libpython2.7-minimal_2.7.12-1ubuntu0~16.04.3_amd64.deb ...
   Unpacking libpython2.7-minimal:amd64 (2.7.12-1ubuntu0~16.04.3) ...
   Selecting previously unselected package python2.7-minimal.
   Preparing to unpack .../python2.7-minimal_2.7.12-1ubuntu0~16.04.3_amd64.deb ...
   Unpacking python2.7-minimal (2.7.12-1ubuntu0~16.04.3) ...
   Selecting previously unselected package python-minimal.
   Preparing to unpack .../python-minimal_2.7.12-1~16.04_amd64.deb ...
   Unpacking python-minimal (2.7.12-1~16.04) ...
   Selecting previously unselected package libpython2.7-stdlib:amd64.
   Preparing to unpack .../libpython2.7-stdlib_2.7.12-1ubuntu0~16.04.3_amd64.deb ...
   Unpacking libpython2.7-stdlib:amd64 (2.7.12-1ubuntu0~16.04.3) ...
   Selecting previously unselected package python2.7.
   Preparing to unpack .../python2.7_2.7.12-1ubuntu0~16.04.3_amd64.deb ...
   Unpacking python2.7 (2.7.12-1ubuntu0~16.04.3) ...
   Selecting previously unselected package libpython-stdlib:amd64.
   Preparing to unpack .../libpython-stdlib_2.7.12-1~16.04_amd64.deb ...
   Unpacking libpython-stdlib:amd64 (2.7.12-1~16.04) ...
   Processing triggers for man-db (2.7.5-1) ...
   Processing triggers for bamfdaemon (0.5.3~bzr0+16.04.20180209-0ubuntu1) ...
   Rebuilding /usr/share/applications/bamf-2.index...
   Processing triggers for desktop-file-utils (0.22-1ubuntu5.1) ...
   Processing triggers for gnome-menus (3.13.3-6ubuntu3.1) ...
   Processing triggers for mime-support (3.59ubuntu1) ...
   Setting up libpython2.7-minimal:amd64 (2.7.12-1ubuntu0~16.04.3) ...
   Setting up python2.7-minimal (2.7.12-1ubuntu0~16.04.3) ...
   Linking and byte-compiling packages for runtime python2.7...
   Setting up python-minimal (2.7.12-1~16.04) ...
   Selecting previously unselected package python.
   (Reading database ... 251742 files and directories currently installed.)
   Preparing to unpack .../python_2.7.12-1~16.04_amd64.deb ...
   Unpacking python (2.7.12-1~16.04) ...
   Processing triggers for doc-base (0.10.7) ...
   Processing 1 added doc-base file...
   Registering documents with scrollkeeper...
   Processing triggers for man-db (2.7.5-1) ...
   Setting up libpython2.7-stdlib:amd64 (2.7.12-1ubuntu0~16.04.3) ...
   Setting up python2.7 (2.7.12-1ubuntu0~16.04.3) ...
   Setting up libpython-stdlib:amd64 (2.7.12-1~16.04) ...
   Setting up python (2.7.12-1~16.04) ...
   

   注意：这仅安装了非常必要和最少的 python 包。您可能仍然需要安装在第一步中卸载的所有其他 python 包。

一些额外的注意事项：

第 2 步删除了使用pip全局安装的第 3 方 python 包。不幸的是，我没有列出清单，最终我的项目需要它们时遇到了一些麻烦。但这没什么大不了的，因为我所有的项目都有自己的 python requirements.txt 文件。但我仍然建议你们在开始第一步之前将 python 包保存在一个文件中。以下命令可以派上用场：

pip freeze > python_pip_packages.txt

我还必须删除 pip 文件和目录（类似于我删除 python 默认文件和目录的方式）并重新安装 pip：

sudo apt-get install python-pip  # installing pip
sudo pip install --upgrade pip  # upgrading pip to latest version using pip itself
sudo pip install -r python_pip_packages.txt  # re-installing all 3rd party python packages which were removed in 2nd step.

希望其他人不要像我一样受苦:)

Answer 2

对于那些在运行命令时不断陷入困境的人（它不断抱怨 python 或任何其他包），我经历了同样的事情，并通过删除以下信息来解决这个问题

/var/lib/dpkg/info/<the package giving you headache>

之后，应该允许您继续安装/升级/更新