如何在journalctl中查看之前的历史记录（在本次启动之前）？

Question

两周前的 3 月 28 日，我遇到了一个问题。当时我没有注意到正在使用的内核版本。我怎样才能知道我当天启动时使用的内核版本journalctl -b？

Answer 1

在较旧的安装上journalctl不保留启动历史记录

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journalctl首先，只有新安装才会根据此错误报告存储启动历史记录。如果您在 2018 年 1 月或之前安装了 Ubuntu，则需要打开引导记录历史记录。请参阅此问答：为什么 `journalctl --list-boots` 只显示当前启动？

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使用--list-boots获取启动号

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journalctl按启动号引用启动历史记录。使用参数，--list-boots然后使用Home、End或/箭头键滚动列表。完成后按退出：PgUp PgDnUpDown Q

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$ journalctl --list-boots\n-49 14b941ea19ec411cb20d6a78d3775084 Fri 2018-03-09 04:30:01 MST\xe2\x80\x94Fri 2018-03-09 04:30:38 MST\n-48 0d72b55a48e64a62b6b30ccd99dbd4ce Fri 2018-03-09 04:30:58 MST\xe2\x80\x94Fri 2018-03-09 04:31:13 MST\n-47 9194c4e5bae34f768b674d14c15aeca4 Fri 2018-03-09 04:31:54 MST\xe2\x80\x94Fri 2018-03-09 17:11:27 MST\n-46 faa606cbe44745eb934ec42952221295 Fri 2018-03-09 17:11:49 MST\xe2\x80\x94Fri 2018-03-09 17:13:44 MST\n-45 17d844d20fa74cf9963a309b6d4b5f3f Fri 2018-03-09 17:14:07 MST\xe2\x80\x94Sat 2018-03-10 17:17:16 MST\n-44 1442b6ef67c7449aaabe045723bf5c56 Sat 2018-03-10 17:17:36 MST\xe2\x80\x94Sat 2018-03-10 20:01:56 MST\n-43 0a41b59210b443fa94a3763b68f8cfe0 Sat 2018-03-10 20:02:22 MST\xe2\x80\x94Sat 2018-03-10 20:02:52 MST\n-42 716ce601e74141b1855164307898caa8 Sat 2018-03-10 20:03:11 MST\xe2\x80\x94Sat 2018-03-10 20:03:46 MST\n-41 826cafbae53d4c8e9ac96910a50d4e20 Sat 2018-03-10 20:04:11 MST\xe2\x80\x94Sat 2018-03-10 20:11:25 MST\n-40 6ec8cf675f274b18a6efb108a8f4d3be Sat 2018-03-10 20:11:46 MST\xe2\x80\x94Sun 2018-03-11 09:02:55 MDT\n-39 a0d8ab504037414885fb77c4366882fd Sun 2018-03-11 09:03:16 MDT\xe2\x80\x94Mon 2018-03-12 19:10:39 MDT\n-38 237e246e00fc45f998b77b1af535c3de Mon 2018-03-12 19:10:59 MDT\xe2\x80\x94Wed 2018-03-14 05:54:02 MDT\n-37 c5e1fd4eb0ec44178be6c15862f59151 Wed 2018-03-14 16:20:36 MDT\xe2\x80\x94Thu 2018-03-15 19:01:51 MDT\n-36 55692a80f3ce49fa81b3660dfaf97d27 Thu 2018-03-15 19:02:14 MDT\xe2\x80\x94Sun 2018-03-18 14:28:06 MDT\n-35 42745fa105dd4f42bf6f7de09b6a7fdc Sun 2018-03-18 14:28:26 MDT\xe2\x80\x94Fri 2018-03-23 05:53:43 MDT\n-34 778ac520ecf147fab9d467759f8a6340 Fri 2018-03-23 16:54:18 MDT\xe2\x80\x94Sun 2018-03-25 07:40:11 MDT\n-33 a219488717c744b5bce07f77440fa526 Sun 2018-03-25 07:41:25 MDT\xe2\x80\x94Sun 2018-03-25 08:29:42 MDT\n-32 4416533bb027475e8589a57d0802aefc Sun 2018-03-25 08:30:09 MDT\xe2\x80\x94Sun 2018-03-25 17:33:54 MDT\n-31 d13eb5e7796540199762f71624ce86a2 Sun 2018-03-25 17:34:21 MDT\xe2\x80\x94Sun 2018-03-25 18:18:46 MDT\n-30 d4631088004845e893d6298e68880263 Sun 2018-03-25 18:19:09 MDT\xe2\x80\x94Sun 2018-03-25 18:19:35 MDT\n-29 429ba89a0b0c429eb9ff362ed633c415 Sun 2018-03-25 18:20:05 MDT\xe2\x80\x94Mon 2018-03-26 07:44:35 MDT\n-28 a220a9b415a64d25957cd69927dd449c Mon 2018-03-26 07:45:03 MDT\xe2\x80\x94Mon 2018-03-26 07:50:03 MDT\n-27 5c1df993a3b540cd911e0b5d6918e9a1 Mon 2018-03-26 07:50:30 MDT\xe2\x80\x94Mon 2018-03-26 11:15:48 MDT\n-26 c28ff5b2f1c3453dbb1f095f9caf2dec Mon 2018-03-26 13:14:09 MDT\xe2\x80\x94Mon 2018-03-26 13:22:42 MDT\n-25 737d5b753e7b4a46b132968a00e02164 Mon 2018-03-26 13:23:08 MDT\xe2\x80\x94Mon 2018-03-26 22:09:41 MDT\n-24 394066eb2d9a43629f7b532d4ffb7dce Tue 2018-03-27 03:54:23 MDT\xe2\x80\x94Tue 2018-03-27 16:46:32 MDT\n-23 e9eef9c57f3543d09223d720290e0c4b Tue 2018-03-27 16:47:13 MDT\xe2\x80\x94Tue 2018-03-27 17:16:48 MDT\n-22 77c66f077f0e47a5b63f96d0e26fa9da Tue 2018-03-27 17:17:52 MDT\xe2\x80\x94Fri 2018-03-30 11:17:30 MDT\n-21 320ccedf358b4aba8b4786a1bec35b96 Fri 2018-03-30 11:52:18 MDT\xe2\x80\x94Fri 2018-03-30 16:29:28 MDT\nlines 7-35/56 63%\n

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在屏幕上，我们看到 3 月 27 日启动，然后 3 月 30 日启动。所以我们想要的开机时间是 3 月 27 日，称为开机号码-22

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列出您的启动记录

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今天的启动是-b，先前的启动是-b-1，之前的启动是-b-2等等。我们将使用journalctl -b-22来查看相应的启动历史记录：

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-- Logs begin at Mon 2018-03-05 05:53:18 MST, end at Sun 2018-04-15 16:02:56 MDT. --\nMar 27 17:17:52 alien systemd-journald[295]: Runtime journal (/run/log/journal/) is 8.0M, max 75.8M, 67.8M free.\nMar 27 17:17:52 alien kernel: Linux version 4.14.23-041423-generic (kernel@kathleen) (gcc version 7.2.0 (Ubuntu 7.2.0-8ubuntu3.2)) #201802281111 \nMar 27 17:17:52 alien kernel: Command line: BOOT_IMAGE=/boot/vmlinuz-4.14.23-041423-generic root=UUID=f3f8e7bc-b337-4194-88b8-3a513f6be55b ro qui\nMar 27 17:17:52 alien kernel: KERNEL supported cpus:\nMar 27 17:17:52 alien kernel:   Intel GenuineIntel\nMar 27 17:17:52 alien kernel:   AMD AuthenticAMD\nMar 27 17:17:52 alien kernel:   Centaur CentaurHauls\nMar 27 17:17:52 alien kernel: x86/fpu: Supporting XSAVE feature 0x001: \'x87 floating point registers\'\nMar 27 17:17:52 alien kernel: x86/fpu: Supporting XSAVE feature 0x002: \'SSE registers\'\nMar 27 17:17:52 alien kernel: x86/fpu: Supporting XSAVE feature 0x004: \'AVX registers\'\nMar 27 17:17:52 alien kernel: x86/fpu: Supporting XSAVE feature 0x008: \'MPX bounds registers\'\nMar 27 17:17:52 alien kernel: x86/fpu: Supporting XSAVE feature 0x010: \'MPX CSR\'\nMar 27 17:17:52 alien kernel: x86/fpu: xstate_offset[2]:  576, xstate_sizes[2]:  256\nMar 27 17:17:52 alien kernel: x86/fpu: xstate_offset[3]:  832, xstate_sizes[3]:   64\nMar 27 17:17:52 alien kernel: x86/fpu: xstate_offset[4]:  896, xstate_sizes[4]:   64\nMar 27 17:17:52 alien kernel: x86/fpu: Enabled xstate features 0x1f, context size is 960 bytes, using \'compacted\' format.\nMar 27 17:17:52 alien kernel: e820: BIOS-provided physical RAM map:\nMar 27 17:17:52 alien kernel: BIOS-e820: [mem 0x0000000000000000-0x0000000000057fff] usable\nMar 27 17:17:52 alien kernel: BIOS-e820: [mem 0x0000000000058000-0x0000000000058fff] reserved\nMar 27 17:17:52 alien kernel: BIOS-e820: [mem 0x0000000000059000-0x000000000009dfff] usable\nMar 27 17:17:52 alien kernel: BIOS-e820: [mem 0x000000000009e000-0x000000000009ffff] reserved\nMar 27 17:17:52 alien kernel: BIOS-e820: [mem 0x0000000000100000-0x0000000030a5ffff] usable\nMar 27 17:17:52 alien kernel: BIOS-e820: [mem 0x0000000030a60000-0x0000000030a71fff] reserved\nMar 27 17:17:52 alien kernel: BIOS-e820: [mem 0x0000000030a72000-0x0000000030a89fff] usable\nMar 27 17:17:52 alien kernel: BIOS-e820: [mem 0x0000000030a8a000-0x0000000030a8afff] ACPI NVS\nMar 27 17:17:52 alien kernel: BIOS-e820: [mem 0x0000000030a8b000-0x0000000030ad4fff] reserved\nMar 27 17:17:52 alien kernel: BIOS-e820: [mem 0x0000000030ad5000-0x0000000030b2dfff] usable\nMar 27 17:17:52 alien kernel: BIOS-e820: [mem 0x0000000030b2e000-0x0000000031099fff] reserved\nlines 1-29\n

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在前几行之后，我们看到启动的内核版本是：4.14.23-041423-generic。完成后按Q退出。

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多个内核版本可用

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当然，日志中还有更多信息可供您使用。如果你想知道lightdm你可以使用：

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$ journalctl -b-22 | grep lightdm\nMar 27 17:17:55 alien lightdm[1315]: PAM unable to dlopen(pam_kwallet.so): /lib/security/pam_kwallet.so: cannot open shared object file: No such file or directory\nMar 27 17:17:55 alien lightdm[1315]: PAM adding faulty module: pam_kwallet.so\nMar 27 17:17:55 alien lightdm[1315]: PAM unable to dlopen(pam_kwallet5.so): /lib/security/pam_kwallet5.so: cannot open shared object file: No such file or directory\nMar 27 17:17:55 alien lightdm[1315]: PAM adding faulty module: pam_kwallet5.so\nMar 27 17:17:55 alien lightdm[1315]: pam_unix(lightdm-greeter:session): session opened for user lightdm by (uid=0)\nMar 27 17:17:55 alien systemd[1]: Created slice User Slice of lightdm.\nMar 27 17:17:55 alien systemd-logind[802]: New session c1 of user lightdm.\nMar 27 17:17:55 alien systemd[1]: Started Session c1 of user lightdm.\nMar 27 17:17:55 alien systemd[1341]: pam_unix(systemd-user:session): session opened for user lightdm by (uid=0)\nMar 27 17:17:55 alien lightdm[1555]: PAM unable to dlopen(pam_kwallet.so): /lib/security/pam_kwallet.so: cannot open shared object file: No such file or directory\nMar 27 17:17:55 alien lightdm[1555]: PAM adding faulty module: pam_kwallet.so\nMar 27 17:17:55 alien lightdm[1555]: PAM unable to dlopen(pam_kwallet5.so): /lib/security/pam_kwallet5.so: cannot open shared object file: No such file or directory\nMar 27 17:17:55 alien lightdm[1555]: PAM adding faulty module: pam_kwallet5.so\nMar 27 17:17:55 alien lightdm[1555]: pam_succeed_if(lightdm:auth): requirement "user ingroup nopasswdlogin" not met by user "rick"\nMar 27 17:17:59 alien lightdm[1315]: pam_unix(lightdm-greeter:session): session closed for user lightdm\nMar 27 17:17:59 alien lightdm[1555]: pam_unix(lightdm:session): session opened for user rick by (uid=0)\nMar 27 17:19:55 alien systemd[1344]: pam_unix(systemd-user:session): session closed for user lightdm\nMar 27 17:19:55 alien systemd[1]: Removed slice User Slice of lightdm.\nMar 30 11:17:27 alien lightdm[1046]: ** (lightdm:1046): CRITICAL **: session_get_login1_session_id: assertion \'session != NULL\' failed\nMar 30 11:17:28 alien lightdm[1046]: /etc/modprobe.d is not a file\nMar 30 11:17:28 alien lightdm[1046]: /etc/modprobe.d is not a file\nMar 30 11:17:28 alien lightdm[1046]: /etc/modprobe.d is not a file\nMar 30 11:17:28 alien lightdm[1046]: /etc/modprobe.d is not a file\nMar 30 11:17:28 alien lightdm[1046]: /etc/modprobe.d is not a file\nMar 30 11:17:28 alien lightdm[1046]: Error: can\'t open /lib/modules/4.14.23-041423-generic/updates/dkms\nMar 30 11:17:28 alien lightdm[1046]: Error: can\'t open /lib/modules/4.14.23-041423-generic/updates/dkms\nMar 30 11:17:28 alien lightdm[1046]: update-alternatives: error: no alternatives for x86_64-linux-gnu_gfxcore_conf\n

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您可能会认为底部的“Mar 30”有误，但它是一台被暂停的笔记本电脑，并且仍然是 2018 年 3 月 27 日启动日志的一部分。

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