Ian*_*024 3 gui command-line wireless drivers
过去几天我正在考虑从 Windows 迁移到 Linux，我在这里阅读了一些问题，但我想更多地了解某些事情，尤其是在驱动程序方面。他们说 Linux 不需要驱动程序，但我已经阅读了此处问题中的一个答案，其中说某些硬件需要安装，例如 WiFi 和显卡。
我知道如何使用 Linux，而且大部分时间我使用终端仅仅是因为在线指南总是告诉我要运行哪些命令。但是，我不确定除此之外还能做什么。
在 Windows 中，我可以通过设备管理器查看所有已安装的硬件。Linux 有这样的东西吗？它是一个命令，还是有一个图形包来做到这一点
我认为最好的方法是lshw，lspci，lspcmcia，和lsusb。这些都是基于终端，这意味着你必须在终端（运行它们Ctrl+ Alt+ T）。
这三个命令（以及它们的标志，man <command>有关更多信息，请参阅）可以告诉您很多关于您的系统的信息。
但是，大多数所有这些工具都仅限于只能看到您的内核可以看到的内容。如果内核看不到它，通常意味着硬件安装不当、死机或损坏。此外，这些命令无法帮助您对设备进行主动故障排除。它们纯粹是提供信息——它们不会直接帮助您安装驱动程序等。
lshw一份关于您计算机中的硬件的全面报告。它不会检测到所有内容，但这绝对是一个很好的步骤。
有关man lshw更多信息，请参阅。
示例输出：
[redacted]
description: Notebook
product: [redacted]
vendor: ASUSTeK COMPUTER INC.
version: 1.0
serial: [redacted]
width: 64 bits
capabilities: smbios-2.7 dmi-2.7 vsyscall32
configuration: boot=normal chassis=notebook family=Q sku=ASUS-NotebookSKU uuid=1B63B879-2A96-C097-DD6B-10C37B1EECDE
*-core
description: Motherboard
product: [redacted]
vendor: ASUSTeK COMPUTER INC.
physical id: 0
version: 1.0
serial: BSN12345678901234567
slot: MIDDLE
*-firmware
description: BIOS
vendor: American Megatrends Inc.
physical id: 0
version: [redacted]
date: 06/16/2014
size: 64KiB
capacity: 6080KiB
capabilities: pci upgrade shadowing cdboot bootselect socketedrom edd int13floppy1200 int13floppy720 int13floppy2880 int5printscreen int9keyboard int14serial int17printer acpi usb smartbattery biosbootspecification uefi
*-cpu
description: CPU
product: Intel(R) Core(TM) i7-4500U CPU @ 1.80GHz
vendor: Intel Corp.
physical id: 8
bus info: cpu@0
version: Intel(R) Core(TM) i7-4500U CPU @ 1.80GHz
slot: SOCKET 0
size: 1800MHz
capacity: 3800MHz
width: 64 bits
clock: 100MHz
capabilities: x86-64 fpu fpu_exception wp vme de pse tsc msr pae mce cx8 apic sep mtrr pge mca cmov pat pse36 clflush dts acpi mmx fxsr sse sse2 ss ht tm pbe syscall nx pdpe1gb rdtscp constant_tsc arch_perfmon pebs bts rep_good nopl xtopology nonstop_tsc aperfmperf eagerfpu pni pclmulqdq dtes64 monitor ds_cpl vmx est tm2 ssse3 fma cx16 xtpr pdcm pcid sse4_1 sse4_2 movbe popcnt tsc_deadline_timer aes xsave avx f16c rdrand lahf_lm abm ida arat epb xsaveopt pln pts dtherm tpr_shadow vnmi flexpriority ept vpid fsgsbase tsc_adjust bmi1 avx2 smep bmi2 erms invpcid cpufreq
configuration: cores=2 enabledcores=2 threads=4
*-cache:0
description: L2 cache
physical id: 9
slot: CPU Internal L2
size: 512KiB
capacity: 512KiB
capabilities: internal write-back unified
*-cache:1
description: L1 cache
physical id: a
slot: CPU Internal L1
size: 128KiB
capacity: 128KiB
capabilities: internal write-back
*-cache:2
description: L3 cache
physical id: b
slot: CPU Internal L3
size: 4MiB
capacity: 4MiB
capabilities: internal write-back unified
*-memory
description: System Memory
physical id: c
slot: System board or motherboard
size: 8GiB
*-bank:0
description: SODIMM DDR3 Synchronous 1600 MHz (0.6 ns)
product: M471B5173QH0-YK0
vendor: Samsung
physical id: 0
serial: 15A0DE9D
slot: ChannelA-DIMM0
size: 4GiB
width: 64 bits
clock: 1600MHz (0.6ns)
*-bank:1
description: DIMM [empty]
product: [Empty]
vendor: [Empty]
physical id: 1
serial: [Empty]
slot: ChannelA-DIMM1
*-bank:2
description: SODIMM DDR3 Synchronous 1600 MHz (0.6 ns)
product: M471B5173QH0-YK0
vendor: Samsung
physical id: 2
serial: 15A0DE9C
slot: ChannelB-DIMM0
size: 4GiB
width: 64 bits
clock: 1600MHz (0.6ns)
*-bank:3
description: DIMM [empty]
product: [Empty]
vendor: [Empty]
physical id: 3
serial: [Empty]
slot: ChannelB-DIMM1
*-pci
description: Host bridge
product: Haswell-ULT DRAM Controller
vendor: Intel Corporation
physical id: 100
bus info: pci@0000:00:00.0
version: 09
width: 32 bits
clock: 33MHz
*-display
description: VGA compatible controller
product: Haswell-ULT Integrated Graphics Controller
vendor: Intel Corporation
physical id: 2
bus info: pci@0000:00:02.0
version: 09
width: 64 bits
clock: 33MHz
capabilities: msi pm vga_controller bus_master cap_list rom
configuration: driver=i915 latency=0
resources: irq:59 memory:f7400000-f77fffff memory:d0000000-dfffffff ioport:f000(size=64)
*-multimedia:0
description: Audio device
product: Haswell-ULT HD Audio Controller
vendor: Intel Corporation
physical id: 3
bus info: pci@0000:00:03.0
version: 09
width: 64 bits
clock: 33MHz
capabilities: pm msi pciexpress bus_master cap_list
configuration: driver=snd_hda_intel latency=0
resources: irq:63 memory:f7a1c000-f7a1ffff
*-generic:0 UNCLAIMED
description: Signal processing controller
product: Intel Corporation
vendor: Intel Corporation
physical id: 4
bus info: pci@0000:00:04.0
version: 09
width: 64 bits
clock: 33MHz
capabilities: msi pm bus_master cap_list
configuration: latency=0
resources: memory:f7a10000-f7a17fff
*-usb
description: USB controller
product: Lynx Point-LP USB xHCI HC
vendor: Intel Corporation
physical id: 14
bus info: pci@0000:00:14.0
version: 04
width: 64 bits
clock: 33MHz
capabilities: pm msi xhci bus_master cap_list
configuration: driver=xhci_hcd latency=0
resources: irq:56 memory:f7a00000-f7a0ffff
*-communication
description: Communication controller
product: Lynx Point-LP HECI #0
vendor: Intel Corporation
physical id: 16
bus info: pci@0000:00:16.0
version: 04
width: 64 bits
clock: 33MHz
capabilities: pm msi bus_master cap_list
configuration: driver=mei_me latency=0
resources: irq:60 memory:f7a24000-f7a2401f
*-multimedia:1
description: Audio device
product: Lynx Point-LP HD Audio Controller
vendor: Intel Corporation
physical id: 1b
bus info: pci@0000:00:1b.0
version: 04
width: 64 bits
clock: 33MHz
capabilities: pm msi pciexpress bus_master cap_list
configuration: driver=snd_hda_intel latency=0
resources: irq:62 memory:f7a18000-f7a1bfff
*-pci:0
description: PCI bridge
product: Lynx Point-LP PCI Express Root Port 1
vendor: Intel Corporation
physical id: 1c
bus info: pci@0000:00:1c.0
version: e4
width: 32 bits
clock: 33MHz
capabilities: pci pciexpress msi pm normal_decode bus_master cap_list
configuration: driver=pcieport
resources: irq:16
*-pci:1
description: PCI bridge
product: Lynx Point-LP PCI Express Root Port 3
vendor: Intel Corporation
physical id: 1c.2
bus info: pci@0000:00:1c.2
version: e4
width: 32 bits
clock: 33MHz
capabilities: pci pciexpress msi pm normal_decode bus_master cap_list
configuration: driver=pcieport
resources: irq:18 ioport:e000(size=4096) memory:f7900000-f79fffff ioport:f2100000(size=1048576)
*-network
description: Ethernet interface
product: RTL8111/8168/8411 PCI Express Gigabit Ethernet Controller
vendor: Realtek Semiconductor Co., Ltd.
physical id: 0
bus info: pci@0000:02:00.0
logical name: eth0
version: 0c
serial: 10:c3:7b:1e:ec:de
size: 10Mbit/s
capacity: 1Gbit/s
width: 64 bits
clock: 33MHz
capabilities: pm msi pciexpress msix vpd bus_master cap_list ethernet physical tp mii 10bt 10bt-fd 100bt 100bt-fd 1000bt 1000bt-fd autonegotiation
configuration: autonegotiation=on broadcast=yes driver=r8169 driverversion=2.3LK-NAPI duplex=half firmware=rtl8168g-2_0.0.1 02/06/13 latency=0 link=no multicast=yes port=MII speed=10Mbit/s
resources: irq:58 ioport:e000(size=256) memory:f7900000-f7900fff memory:f2100000-f2103fff
*-pci:2
description: PCI bridge
product: Lynx Point-LP PCI Express Root Port 4
vendor: Intel Corporation
physical id: 1c.3
bus info: pci@0000:00:1c.3
version: e4
width: 32 bits
clock: 33MHz
capabilities: pci pciexpress msi pm normal_decode bus_master cap_list
configuration: driver=pcieport
resources: irq:19 memory:f7800000-f78fffff
*-network
description: Wireless interface
product: Wireless 7260
vendor: Intel Corporation
physical id: 0
bus info: pci@0000:03:00.0
logical name: wlan0
version: 6b
serial: 80:86:f2:23:78:69
width: 64 bits
clock: 33MHz
capabilities: pm msi pciexpress bus_master cap_list ethernet physical wireless
configuration: broadcast=yes driver=iwlwifi driverversion=3.16.0-43-generic firmware=25.228.9.0 ip=10.0.2.102 latency=0 link=yes multicast=yes wireless=IEEE 802.11abgn
resources: irq:61 memory:f7800000-f7801fff
*-pci:3
description: PCI bridge
product: Lynx Point-LP PCI Express Root Port 5
vendor: Intel Corporation
physical id: 1c.4
bus info: pci@0000:00:1c.4
version: e4
width: 32 bits
clock: 33MHz
capabilities: pci pciexpress msi pm normal_decode bus_master cap_list
configuration: driver=pcieport
resources: irq:16 ioport:d000(size=4096) memory:f6000000-f70fffff ioport:e0000000(size=301989888)
*-generic UNCLAIMED
description: Unassigned class
product: Illegal Vendor ID
vendor: Illegal Vendor ID
physical id: 0
bus info: pci@0000:04:00.0
version: ff
width: 32 bits
clock: 66MHz
capabilities: bus_master vga_palette cap_list
configuration: latency=255 maxlatency=255 mingnt=255
resources: memory:f6000000-f6ffffff memory:e0000000-efffffff memory:f0000000-f1ffffff ioport:d000(size=128) memory:f7000000-f707ffff
*-isa
description: ISA bridge
product: Lynx Point-LP LPC Controller
vendor: Intel Corporation
physical id: 1f
bus info: pci@0000:00:1f.0
version: 04
width: 32 bits
clock: 33MHz
capabilities: isa bus_master cap_list
configuration: driver=lpc_ich latency=0
resources: irq:0
*-storage
description: SATA controller
product: Lynx Point-LP SATA Controller 1 [AHCI mode]
vendor: Intel Corporation
physical id: 1f.2
bus info: pci@0000:00:1f.2
version: 04
width: 32 bits
clock: 66MHz
capabilities: storage msi pm ahci_1.0 bus_master cap_list
configuration: driver=ahci latency=0
resources: irq:57 ioport:f0b0(size=8) ioport:f0a0(size=4) ioport:f090(size=8) ioport:f080(size=4) ioport:f060(size=32) memory:f7a22000-f7a227ff
*-serial UNCLAIMED
description: SMBus
product: Lynx Point-LP SMBus Controller
vendor: Intel Corporation
physical id: 1f.3
bus info: pci@0000:00:1f.3
version: 04
width: 64 bits
clock: 33MHz
configuration: latency=0
resources: memory:f7a21000-f7a210ff ioport:f040(size=32)
*-generic:1 UNCLAIMED
description: Signal processing controller
product: Lynx Point-LP Thermal
vendor: Intel Corporation
physical id: 1f.6
bus info: pci@0000:00:1f.6
version: 04
width: 64 bits
clock: 33MHz
capabilities: pm msi bus_master cap_list
configuration: latency=0
resources: memory:f7a20000-f7a20fff
*-scsi:0
physical id: 1
logical name: scsi0
capabilities: emulated
*-disk
description: ATA Disk
product: ST1000LM024 HN-M
vendor: Seagate
physical id: 0.0.0
bus info: scsi@0:0.0.0
logical name: /dev/sda
version: 0002
serial: S2Y4J9DF302858
size: 931GiB (1TB)
capabilities: gpt-1.00 partitioned partitioned:gpt
configuration: ansiversion=5 guid=3ed421d9-4412-4dfe-ab2e-ec026958789b sectorsize=4096
*-volume:0 UNCLAIMED
description: Windows FAT volume
vendor: mkfs.fat
physical id: 1
bus info: scsi@0:0.0.0,1
version: FAT32
serial: 79ce-21ea
size: 1126MiB
capacity: 1127MiB
capabilities: boot fat initialized
configuration: FATs=2 filesystem=fat label=EFI
*-volume:1
description: Windows NTFS volume
vendor: Windows
physical id: 2
bus info: scsi@0:0.0.0,2
logical name: /dev/sda2
version: 3.1
serial: 72182df1-59f4-4645-ab5d-c51c8574253d
size: 509GiB
capacity: 509GiB
capabilities: ntfs initialized
configuration: clustersize=4096 created=2014-12-18 19:09:28 filesystem=ntfs label=Windows modified_by_chkdsk=true mounted_on_nt4=true name=Basic data partition resize_log_file=true state=dirty upgrade_on_mount=true
*-volume:2
description: Windows NTFS volume
vendor: Windows
physical id: 3
bus info: scsi@0:0.0.0,3
logical name: /dev/sda3
version: 3.1
serial: 2653-69df
size: 420MiB
capacity: 449MiB
capabilities: boot precious readonly hidden nomount ntfs initialized
configuration: clustersize=4096 created=2015-06-01 22:45:26 filesystem=ntfs state=clean
*-volume:3
description: Apple Core Storage (File Vault)
vendor: Mac OS X (journaled)
physical id: 4
bus info: scsi@0:0.0.0,4
logical name: /dev/sda4
version: 5
serial: 70a6d4ed-70bc-c40c-0000-000000640000
size: 199GiB
capacity: 199GiB
capabilities: encrypted hfsx journaled bootable osx hfsplus initialized
configuration: boot=osx checked=2015-01-01 21:58:27 created=2015-01-01 21:58:27 filesystem=hfsplus lastmountedby=HFSJ modified=2015-05-15 11:03:06 name=Mac OS X state=unclean
*-volume:4
description: boot partition
vendor: Mac OS X (journaled)
physical id: 5
bus info: scsi@0:0.0.0,5
logical name: /dev/sda5
version: 4
serial: 3081fb24-64d6-7690-0000-000000005000
size: 619MiB
capacity: 619MiB
capabilities: boot journaled bootable macos osx hfsplus initialized
configuration: checked=2015-01-01 14:03:07 created=2015-01-01 14:03:07 filesystem=hfsplus lastmountedby=HFSJ modified=2015-05-15 11:03:01 name=Recovery HD state=unclean
*-volume:5
description: Windows NTFS volume
vendor: Windows
physical id: 6
bus info: scsi@0:0.0.0,6
logical name: /dev/sda6
version: 3.1
serial: 4630-ec9c
size: 894MiB
capacity: 899MiB
capabilities: boot precious readonly hidden nomount ntfs initialized
configuration: clustersize=4096 created=2014-12-18 19:09:24 filesystem=ntfs label=Recovery state=clean
*-volume:6
description: reserved partition
vendor: Windows
physical id: 7
bus info: scsi@0:0.0.0,7
logical name: /dev/sda7
serial: d8318946-2259-48b7-b7c8-91326f7b4537
capacity: 127MiB
capabilities: nofs
*-volume:7
description: EXT4 volume
vendor: Linux
physical id: 8
bus info: scsi@0:0.0.0,8
logical name: /dev/sda8
logical name: /
version: 1.0
serial: 2f30acd8-6985-413e-97d0-1317ff84734d
size: 211GiB
capabilities: journaled extended_attributes large_files huge_files dir_nlink recover extents ext4 ext2 initialized
configuration: created=2015-07-16 11:39:47 filesystem=ext4 lastmountpoint=/ modified=2015-07-18 15:32:54 mount.fstype=ext4 mount.options=rw,relatime,errors=remount-ro,data=ordered mounted=2015-07-18 15:32:54 state=mounted
*-volume:8
description: Linux swap volume
vendor: Linux
physical id: 9
bus info: scsi@0:0.0.0,9
logical name: /dev/sda9
version: 1
serial: c3ccac50-afff-49ce-97ce-23c42e1716b2
size: 8191MiB
capacity: 8191MiB
capabilities: nofs swap initialized
configuration: filesystem=swap pagesize=4096
*-scsi:1
physical id: 2
logical name: scsi1
capabilities: emulated
*-cdrom
description: DVD-RAM writer
product: DVD-RAM UJ8E2 S
vendor: MATSHITA
physical id: 0.0.0
bus info: scsi@1:0.0.0
logical name: /dev/cdrom
logical name: /dev/sr0
version: 1.00
capabilities: removable audio cd-r cd-rw dvd dvd-r dvd-ram
configuration: ansiversion=5 status=nodisc
注意此命令应以超级用户 ( sudo lshw) 身份运行以获得最大效
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