Ubuntu 发布升级

Question

我有一个关于 do-release-upgrade 的问题。我有一个安装了以下组件的系统（还有更多组件，但这些与问题无关，服务器的目的是成为我的 Bacula 备份系统的 MySQL 服务器）：

• 杆状客户端

由于它是一个服务器，我特意没有安装 bacula-traymonitor，这会导致安装一系列与 X11 相关的软件包。恕我直言，X11 对于服务器环境没有用，尽管我确实了解某些 X11 库对于某些守护程序（如 opensshd）是必需的，这些守护程序依赖于 X11 库，这就是为什么其中一些 X11 库可能最终出现在我的安装中。

我刚刚发出 do-release-upgrade -d （由于某种原因，没有 -d 选项，它仍然没有显示任何版本升级，即使是在 7 月 24 日之后），我注意到以下内容： bacula-traymonitor 正在运行以及我特别不希望在我的服务器上安装的整个 X11 内容。bacula 客户端的正常运行不需要该软件包，因此它不应作为要安装的软件包显示在升级雷达上。我会将其归类为错误。

除了明显的方法之外，还有什么方法可以让我指示 do-release-upgrade 不要安装所有多余的东西，例如 bacula-traymonitor ？最明显的方法是“让 do-release-upgrade 完成它的工作，然后删除软件包”，这无疑会在我的系统上留下残留物，例如在我删除 bacula-traymonitor 后不会自动删除的未使用的 X11 库。我还有其他几个系统希望升级到 14.04.1 LTS，并且几乎所有系统都安装了 bacula-client，因此这意味着很多不必要的工作。

详情如下：

Remove (was auto installed) libperl5.14 libsnmp15 xz-lzma


Install: aptitude-common bacula-traymonitor cpp-4.8 crda dh-python
  fontconfig fontconfig-config fonts-dejavu-core g++-4.8 gawk gcc-4.8
  gcc-4.8-base gcc-4.9-base hicolor-icon-theme init-system-helpers
  iproute2 iw kmod libaio1 libapparmor1 libapt-inst1.5
  libarchive-extract-perl libasan0 libasprintf0c2 libatk1.0-0
  libatk1.0-data libatm1 libatomic1 libaudit-common libaudit1
  libavahi-client3 libavahi-common-data libavahi-common3 libbind9-90
  libboost-iostreams1.54.0 libcairo2 libcap2-bin libcgmanager0
  libck-connector0 libcloog-isl4 libcups2 libdatrie1 libdb5.3 libdbi1
  libdebconfclient0 libdns100 libestr0 libfakeroot
  libfile-fcntllock-perl libfontconfig1 libgcc-4.8-dev libgck-1-0
  libgcr-3-common libgcr-base-3-1 libgdk-pixbuf2.0-0
  libgdk-pixbuf2.0-common libgnutls-openssl27 libgraphite2-3
  libgssglue1 libgtk2.0-0 libgtk2.0-bin libgtk2.0-common
  libharfbuzz0b libisc95 libisccc90 libisccfg90 libisl10 libitm1
  libjasper1 libjbig0 libjpeg-turbo8 libjpeg8 libjson-c2 libjson0
  libkmod2 libldb1 liblog-message-simple-perl liblwres90
  libmodule-pluggable-perl libmpc3 libmpdec2 libntdb1 libnuma1
  libpam-cap libpam-systemd libpango-1.0-0 libpangocairo-1.0-0
  libpangoft2-1.0-0 libperl5.18 libpixman-1-0 libpod-latex-perl
  libpolkit-agent-1-0 libpolkit-backend-1-0 libprocps3
  libpython-stdlib libpython2.7-minimal libpython2.7-stdlib
  libpython3-stdlib libpython3.4-minimal libpython3.4-stdlib
  libsasl2-modules-db libsemanage-common libsemanage1 libsepol1
  libsigsegv2 libsmbclient libsnmp30 libssh2-1 libstdc++-4.8-dev
  libsystemd-daemon0 libsystemd-login0 libtasn1-6 libterm-ui-perl
  libtevent0 libtext-soundex-perl libthai-data libthai0 libtiff5
  libtirpc1 libtsan0 libudev1 libustr-1.0-1 libxcb-render0
  libxcb-shm0 libxcomposite1 libxcursor1 libxdamage1 libxfixes3
  libxi6 libxinerama1 libxrandr2 libxrender1 libxtables10
  linux-generic linux-headers-generic
  linux-image-extra-3.13.0-32-generic linux-image-generic
  nagios-plugins-common ncurses-term openssh-sftp-server policykit-1
  python-configobj python-ldb python-ntdb python-requests
  python-samba python-secretstorage python-six python-talloc
  python-tdb python-urllib3 python3 python3-apport python3-apt
  python3-commandnotfound python3-dbus python3-distupgrade
  python3-gdbm python3-gi python3-minimal python3-problem-report
  python3-update-manager python3.4 python3.4-minimal rpcbind run-one
  samba-libs shared-mime-info systemd-services systemd-shim
  ubuntu-release-upgrader-core wireless-regdb

Upgrade: accountsservice acpid adduser apport apport-symptoms apt
  apt-transport-https apt-utils apt-xapian-index aptitude arj at
  bacula-client bacula-common bacula-console bacula-doc bacula-fd
  base-files base-passwd bash bash-completion bc bind9-host binutils
  bsdmainutils bsdutils build-essential busybox-initramfs
  busybox-static byobu bzip2 ca-certificates command-not-found
  command-not-found-data console-setup coreutils cpio cpp cpp-4.6
  cron curl dash dbus debconf debconf-i18n debianutils diffutils dkms
  dmidecode dmsetup dnsutils dosfstools dpkg dpkg-dev dstat e2fslibs
  e2fsprogs ed eject fakeroot file findutils
  fonts-ubuntu-font-family-console ftp fuse g++ g++-4.6 gcc gcc-4.6
  gcc-4.6-base geoip-database gettext-base gir1.2-glib-2.0 gnupg gpgv
  grep groff-base grub-common grub-pc grub-pc-bin grub2-common gzip
  hdparm hostname htop ifupdown info initramfs-tools
  initramfs-tools-bin initscripts insserv install-info
  installation-report iotop iproute iptables iputils-ping
  iputils-tracepath irqbalance isc-dhcp-client isc-dhcp-common
  iso-codes joe kbd keyboard-configuration klibc-utils krb5-locales
  ksh landscape-common language-pack-en language-pack-en-base
  language-selector-common less libaccountsservice0 libacl1
  libalgorithm-diff-perl libalgorithm-diff-xs-perl libapt-pkg4.12
  libasn1-8-heimdal libattr1 libblkid1 libbsd0 libbz2-1.0 libc-bin
  libc-dev-bin libc6 libc6-dev libcap-ng0 libcap2 libclass-isa-perl
  libcomerr2 libcurl3 libcurl3-gnutls libcwidget3 libdb5.1
  libdbd-mysql-perl libdbi-perl libdbus-1-3 libdbus-glib-1-2
  libdevmapper-event1.02.1 libdevmapper1.02.1 libdpkg-perl
  libdrm-intel1 libdrm-radeon1 libdrm2 libedit2 libelf1 libept1.4.12
  libevent-2.0-5 libexpat1 libffi6 libfreetype6 libfribidi0 libfuse2
  libgc1c2 libgcc1 libgcrypt11 libgdbm3 libgeoip1
  libgirepository-1.0-1 libglib2.0-0 libgmp10 libgnutls26 libgomp1
  libgpg-error0 libgpm2 libgssapi-krb5-2 libgssapi3-heimdal
  libhcrypto4-heimdal libheimbase1-heimdal libheimntlm0-heimdal
  libhtml-template-perl libhx509-5-heimdal libidn11 libio-string-perl
  libiw30 libjs-jquery libk5crypto3 libkeyutils1 libklibc
  libkrb5-26-heimdal libkrb5-3 libkrb5support0 libldap-2.4-2
  liblocale-gettext-perl liblockfile-bin liblockfile1 liblzma5
  liblzo2-2 libmagic1 libmount1 libmpfr4 libmysqlclient18 libncurses5
  libncurses5-dev libncursesw5 libnewt0.52 libnfnetlink0 libnih-dbus1
  libnih1 libnl-3-200 libnl-genl-3-200 libopts25 libp11-kit0
  libpam-modules libpam-modules-bin libpam-runtime libpam0g
  libparted0debian1 libpcap0.8 libpci3 libpciaccess0 libpcre3
  libpcsclite1 libpipeline1 libplymouth2 libpng12-0
  libpolkit-gobject-1-0 libpopt0 libpq5 libpython2.7 libquadmath0
  libradius1 libreadline5 libreadline6 libroken18-heimdal librtmp0
  libsasl2-2 libsasl2-modules libselinux1 libsensors4
  libsigc++-2.0-0c2a libslang2 libsnmp-base libsqlite3-0 libss2
  libssl1.0.0 libstdc++6 libstdc++6-4.6-dev libsub-name-perl
  libtalloc2 libtdb1 libterm-readkey-perl libtext-charwidth-perl
  libtext-iconv-perl libtimedate-perl libtinfo-dev libtinfo5
  libusb-0.1-4 libusb-1.0-0 libuuid1 libwbclient0 libwind0-heimdal
  libwrap0 libx11-6 libx11-data libxapian22 libxau6 libxcb1 libxdmcp6
  libxext6 libxml2 libxmuu1 linux-firmware linux-generic-lts-raring
  linux-generic-lts-trusty linux-headers-3.13.0-32
  linux-headers-3.13.0-32-generic linux-headers-generic-lts-raring
  linux-headers-generic-lts-trusty linux-image-3.13.0-32-generic
  linux-image-generic-lts-raring linux-image-generic-lts-trusty
  linux-libc-dev locales lockfile-progs login logrotate lsb-base
  lsb-release lshw lsof ltrace lvm2 m4 make makedev man-db manpages
  manpages-dev mawk mc mc-data mdadm memtest86+ mime-support mlocate
  module-init-tools mount mountall mtr-tiny multiarch-support
  mysql-client-5.5 mysql-client-core-5.5 mysql-common mysql-server
  mysql-server-5.5 mysql-server-core-5.5 mysqltuner
  nagios-nrpe-server nagios-plugins nagios-plugins-basic
  nagios-plugins-standard nano ncurses-base ncurses-bin ncurses-doc
  net-tools netbase netcat-openbsd ntp ntp-doc ntpdate openssh-client
  openssh-server openssl os-prober parted passwd patch pciutils perl
  perl-base perl-modules plymouth plymouth-theme-ubuntu-text
  popularity-contest powermgmt-base ppp pppconfig procmail procps
  psmisc python python-apport python-apt python-apt-common
  python-chardet python-crypto python-dbus python-dbus-dev
  python-debian python-gdbm python-gi python-httplib2 python-keyring
  python-launchpadlib python-lazr.restfulclient python-lazr.uri
  python-minimal python-newt python-oauth python-openssl python-pam
  python-pkg-resources python-problem-report python-serial
  python-simplejson python-twisted-bin python-twisted-core
  python-wadllib python-xapian python-zope.interface python2.7
  python2.7-minimal readline-common resolvconf rsync rsyslog
  samba-common samba-common-bin screen sed sendmail sendmail-base
  sendmail-bin sendmail-cf sendmail-doc sensible-mda sensible-utils
  sgml-base smbclient snmp ssh-import-id strace sudo sysstat sysv-rc
  sysvinit-utils tar tasksel tasksel-data tcpd tcpdump telnet time
  tmux tzdata ubuntu-keyring ubuntu-minimal ubuntu-standard ucf udev
  ufw unzip update-manager-core update-notifier-common upstart
  ureadahead usbutils util-linux uuid-runtime vim vim-common
  vim-runtime vim-tiny w3m watershed wget whiptail whois
  wireless-tools wpasupplicant xauth xfsprogs xkb-data xml-core
  xz-utils zlib1g

Answer 1

问题是do-release-upgrade，apt-get dist-upgrade两者都安装具有依赖项的软件包以及推荐的软件包。所以你想要的只是安装依赖项。

对于 apt-get dist-upgrade：

因为dist-upgrade这个过程很简单。默认情况下 apt-get 也会安装推荐的软件包（-s 仅模拟更改）：

$ sudo apt-get -s install bacula-client 
Reading package lists... Done
Building dependency tree       
Reading state information... Done
The following extra packages will be installed:
  bacula-common bacula-console bacula-fd bacula-traymonitor
Suggested packages:
  bacula-doc kde gnome-desktop-environment
The following NEW packages will be installed:
  bacula-client bacula-common bacula-console bacula-fd bacula-traymonitor

而该选项--no-install-recommends不安装推荐的软件包：

$ sudo apt-get -s --no-install-recommends install bacula-client 
Reading package lists... Done
Building dependency tree       
Reading state information... Done
The following extra packages will be installed:
  bacula-common bacula-console bacula-fd
Suggested packages:
  bacula-doc
Recommended packages:
bacula-traymonitor
  The following NEW packages will be installed:
bacula-client bacula-common bacula-console bacula-fd
  0 upgraded, 4 newly installed, 0 to remove and 0 not upgraded.

因此，如果您正在使用apt-get dist-upgrade，添加该--no-install-recommends选项就足够了。

对于 do-release-upgrade：

对于 来说do-release-upgrade，做同样的事情有点诡计。但您仍然可以这样做：您需要使用服务器模式，并结合编辑文件/etc/apt/apt.conf。

$ man do-release-upgrade

-m MODE, --mode=MODE
          Run in a special upgrade mode. Currently "desktop" for regular upgrades of a desktop system and "server" for server systems are supported.

虽然此联机帮助页不是很有帮助，但使用-m server应该会导致不安装推荐的软件包。/usr/lib/python3/dist-packages/DistUpgrade/DistUpgradeQuirks.py相应的逻辑可以在第677行找到。

$ sudo apt-get -s install bacula-client 
Reading package lists... Done
Building dependency tree       
Reading state information... Done
The following extra packages will be installed:
  bacula-common bacula-console bacula-fd bacula-traymonitor
Suggested packages:
  bacula-doc kde gnome-desktop-environment
The following NEW packages will be installed:
  bacula-client bacula-common bacula-console bacula-fd bacula-traymonitor

因此，您所需要做的就是禁用推荐的软件包。/etc/apt/apt.conf您可以通过添加或编辑包含以下内容的文件来完成此操作

// Recommends are as of now still abused in many packages
APT::Install-Recommends "0";
APT::Install-Suggests "0";

然后跑去apt-get update确认一下。