initrd.img-3.11.0-20-generic 文件被错误地删除到 /boot 目录中。现在系统不再启动。
是否有可能恢复 initrd.img-3.11.0-20-generic？
来自 live-cd 的 blkid 输出：
ubuntu@ubuntu:~$ sudo blkid
/dev/loop0: TYPE="squashfs"
/dev/sda1: UUID="999feae4-d45b-4cbf-8015-ef5d62d952cd" TYPE="ext2"
/dev/sda5: UUID="9k5hUW-e2Hq-IfIN-08zV-jjDd-0mHm-CHySv4" TYPE="LVM2_member"
/dev/sr0: LABEL="Ubuntu 14.04 LTS amd64" TYPE="iso9660"
/dev/mapper/ubuntu--vg-root: UUID="8cf4d204-bbf8-44e2-a3e4-0f8c618e67ef" TYPE="ext4"
/dev/mapper/ubuntu--vg-swap_1: UUID="6a0999af-2cee-453f-9a01-7c878df6213e" TYPE="swap"
2014 年 5 月 29 日更新：
这是我在系统响应中输入的内容（遵循mniess的建议）：
ubuntu@ubuntu:~$ sudo -i
root@ubuntu:~# mount /dev/mapper/ubuntu--vg-root /mnt
root@ubuntu:~# mount /dev/sda1 /mnt/boot
root@ubuntu:~# for i in dev dev/pts proc sys sys/firmware; do mount --bind /$i /mnt/$i; done
root@ubuntu:~# cp /etc/resolv.conf /mnt/etc/resolv.conf
root@ubuntu:~# chroot /mnt
root@ubuntu:/# apt-get update
命令后系统响应apt-get update：
Ign http://extras.ubuntu.com trusty InRelease
Ign http://security.ubuntu.com trusty-security InRelease
Get:1 http://security.ubuntu.com trusty-security Release.gpg [933 B]
Get:2 http://extras.ubuntu.com trusty Release.gpg [72 B]
Ign http://de.archive.ubuntu.com trusty InRelease
Get:3 http://security.ubuntu.com trusty-security Release [58.5 kB]
Hit http://extras.ubuntu.com trusty Release
Ign http://de.archive.ubuntu.com trusty-updates InRelease
Ign http://de.archive.ubuntu.com trusty-backports InRelease
Ign http://de.archive.ubuntu.com trusty-proposed InRelease
Hit http://de.archive.ubuntu.com trusty Release.gpg
Hit http://extras.ubuntu.com trusty/main Sources
Get:4 http://security.ubuntu.com trusty-security/main Sources [16.0 kB]
Get:5 http://de.archive.ubuntu.com trusty-updates Release.gpg [933 B]
Hit http://extras.ubuntu.com trusty/main amd64 Packages
Hit http://extras.ubuntu.com trusty/main i386 Packages
Get:6 http://de.archive.ubuntu.com trusty-backports Release.gpg [933 B]
Get:7 http://security.ubuntu.com trusty-security/restricted Sources [14 B]
Get:8 http://security.ubuntu.com trusty-security/universe Sources [4,212 B]
Get:9 http://de.archive.ubuntu.com trusty-proposed Release.gpg [933 B]
Get:10 http://security.ubuntu.com trusty-security/multiverse Sources [687 B]
Hit http://de.archive.ubuntu.com trusty Release
Get:11 http://security.ubuntu.com trusty-security/main amd64 Packages [51.8 kB]
Get:12 http://de.archive.ubuntu.com trusty-updates Release [58.5 kB]
Get:13 http://security.ubuntu.com trusty-security/restricted amd64 Packages [14 B]
Get:14 http://security.ubuntu.com trusty-security/universe amd64 Packages [17.9 kB]
Get:15 http://security.ubuntu.com trusty-security/multiverse amd64 Packages [1,154 B]
Get:16 http://de.archive.ubuntu.com trusty-backports Release [58.6 kB]
Get:17 http://security.ubuntu.com trusty-security/main i386 Packages [49.4 kB]
Get:18 http://security.ubuntu.com trusty-security/restricted i386 Packages [14 B]
Get:19 http://de.archive.ubuntu.com trusty-proposed Release [58.5 kB]
Get:20 http://security.ubuntu.com trusty-security/universe i386 Packages [17.9 kB]
Get:21 http://security.ubuntu.com trusty-security/multiverse i386 Packages [1,404 B]
Hit http://de.archive.ubuntu.com trusty/main Sources
Ign http://extras.ubuntu.com trusty/main Translation-en_US
Hit http://de.archive.ubuntu.com trusty/restricted Sources
Hit http://de.archive.ubuntu.com trusty/universe Sources
Get:22 http://security.ubuntu.com trusty-security/main Translation-en [24.4 kB]
Hit http://de.archive.ubuntu.com trusty/multiverse Sources
Ign http://extras.ubuntu.com trusty/main Translation-en
Hit http://de.archive.ubuntu.com trusty/main amd64 Packages
Ign http://extras.ubuntu.com trusty/main Translation-de
Hit http://security.ubuntu.com trusty-security/multiverse Translation-en
Hit http://de.archive.ubuntu.com trusty/restricted amd64 Packages
Hit http://security.ubuntu.com trusty-security/restricted Translation-en
Hit http://de.archive.ubuntu.com trusty/universe amd64 Packages
Hit http://de.archive.ubuntu.com trusty/multiverse amd64 Packages
Get:23 http://security.ubuntu.com trusty-security/universe Translation-en [9,065 B]
Hit http://de.archive.ubuntu.com trusty/main i386 Packages
Hit http://de.archive.ubuntu.com trusty/restricted i386 Packages
Hit http://de.archive.ubuntu.com trusty/universe i386 Packages
Hit http://de.archive.ubuntu.com trusty/multiverse i386 Packages
Hit http://de.archive.ubuntu.com trusty/main Translation-en
Hit http://de.archive.ubuntu.com trusty/main Translation-de
Hit http://de.archive.ubuntu.com trusty/multiverse Translation-en
Hit http://de.archive.ubuntu.com trusty/multiverse Translation-de
Hit http://de.archive.ubuntu.com trusty/restricted Translation-en
Hit http://de.archive.ubuntu.com trusty/restricted Translation-de
Hit http://de.archive.ubuntu.com trusty/universe Translation-en
Hit http://de.archive.ubuntu.com trusty/universe Translation-de
Get:24 http://de.archive.ubuntu.com trusty-updates/main Sources [45.7 kB]
Get:25 http://de.archive.ubuntu.com trusty-updates/restricted Sources [14 B]
Get:26 http://de.archive.ubuntu.com trusty-updates/universe Sources [28.2 kB]
Ign http://security.ubuntu.com trusty-security/main Translation-en_US
Get:27 http://de.archive.ubuntu.com trusty-updates/multiverse Sources [2,234 B]
Ign http://security.ubuntu.com trusty-security/main Translation-de
Get:28 http://de.archive.ubuntu.com trusty-updates/main amd64 Packages [109 kB]
Ign http://security.ubuntu.com trusty-security/multiverse Translation-en_US
Ign http://security.ubuntu.com trusty-security/multiverse Translation-de
Get:29 http://de.archive.ubuntu.com trusty-updates/restricted amd64 Packages [14 B]
Ign http://security.ubuntu.com trusty-security/restricted Translation-en_US
Get:30 http://de.archive.ubuntu.com trusty-updates/universe amd64 Packages [74.9 kB]
Ign http://security.ubuntu.com trusty-security/restricted Translation-de
Ign http://security.ubuntu.com trusty-security/universe Translation-en_US
Get:31 http://de.archive.ubuntu.com trusty-updates/multiverse amd64 Packages [7,089 B]
Ign http://security.ubuntu.com trusty-security/universe Translation-de
Get:32 http://de.archive.ubuntu.com trusty-updates/main i386 Packages [107 kB]
Get:33 http://de.archive.ubuntu.com trusty-updates/restricted i386 Packages [14 B]
Get:34 http://de.archive.ubuntu.com trusty-updates/universe i386 Packages [75.3 kB]
Get:35 http://de.archive.ubuntu.com trusty-updates/multiverse i386 Packages [7,273 B]
Get:36 http://de.archive.ubuntu.com trusty-updates/main Translation-en [51.2 kB]
Hit http://de.archive.ubuntu.com trusty-updates/multiverse Translation-en
Hit http://de.archive.ubuntu.com trusty-updates/restricted Translation-en
Get:37 http://de.archive.ubuntu.com trusty-updates/universe Translation-en [33.8 kB]
Get:38 http://de.archive.ubuntu.com trusty-backports/main Sources [14 B]
Get:39 http://de.archive.ubuntu.com trusty-backports/restricted Sources [14 B]
Get:40 http://de.archive.ubuntu.com trusty-backports/universe Sources [4,123 B]
Get:41 http://de.archive.ubuntu.com trusty-backports/multiverse Sources [768 B]
Get:42 http://de.archive.ubuntu.com trusty-backports/main amd64 Packages [14 B]
Get:43 http://de.archive.ubuntu.com trusty-backports/restricted amd64 Packages [14 B]
Get:44 http://de.archive.ubuntu.com trusty-backports/universe amd64 Packages [4,099 B]
Get:45 http://de.archive.ubuntu.com trusty-backports/multiverse amd64 Packages [619 B]
Get:46 http://de.archive.ubuntu.com trusty-backports/main i386 Packages [14 B]
Get:47 http://de.archive.ubuntu.com trusty-backports/restricted i386 Packages [14 B]
Get:48 http://de.archive.ubuntu.com trusty-backports/universe i386 Packages [4,114 B]
Get:49 http://de.archive.ubuntu.com trusty-backports/multiverse i386 Packages [619 B]
Hit http://de.archive.ubuntu.com trusty-backports/main Translation-en
Get:50 http://de.archive.ubuntu.com trusty-backports/multiverse Translation-en [307 B]
Hit http://de.archive.ubuntu.com trusty-backports/restricted Translation-en
Get:51 http://de.archive.ubuntu.com trusty-backports/universe Translation-en [2,506 B]
Get:52 http://de.archive.ubuntu.com trusty-proposed/main amd64 Packages [88.4 kB]
Get:53 http://de.archive.ubuntu.com trusty-proposed/restricted amd64 Packages [14 B]
Get:54 http://de.archive.ubuntu.com trusty-proposed/multiverse amd64 Packages [14 B]
Get:55 http://de.archive.ubuntu.com trusty-proposed/universe amd64 Packages [16.6 kB]
Get:56 http://de.archive.ubuntu.com trusty-proposed/main i386 Packages [85.5 kB]
Get:57 http://de.archive.ubuntu.com trusty-proposed/restricted i386 Packages [14 B]
Get:58 http://de.archive.ubuntu.com trusty-proposed/multiverse i386 Packages [14 B]
Get:59 http://de.archive.ubuntu.com trusty-proposed/universe i386 Packages [16.7 kB]
Get:60 http://de.archive.ubuntu.com trusty-proposed/main Translation-en [40.7 kB]
Hit http://de.archive.ubuntu.com trusty-proposed/main Translation-de
Hit http://de.archive.ubuntu.com trusty-proposed/multiverse Translation-en
Hit http://de.archive.ubuntu.com trusty-proposed/multiverse Translation-de
Hit http://de.archive.ubuntu.com trusty-proposed/restricted Translation-en
Hit http://de.archive.ubuntu.com trusty-proposed/restricted Translation-de
Get:61 http://de.archive.ubuntu.com trusty-proposed/universe Translation-en [10.4 kB]
Hit http://de.archive.ubuntu.com trusty-proposed/universe Translation-de
Ign http://de.archive.ubuntu.com trusty/main Translation-en_US
Ign http://de.archive.ubuntu.com trusty/multiverse Translation-en_US
Ign http://de.archive.ubuntu.com trusty/restricted Translation-en_US
Ign http://de.archive.ubuntu.com trusty/universe Translation-en_US
Ign http://de.archive.ubuntu.com trusty-updates/main Translation-en_US
Ign http://de.archive.ubuntu.com trusty-updates/main Translation-de
Ign http://de.archive.ubuntu.com trusty-updates/multiverse Translation-en_US
Ign http://de.archive.ubuntu.com trusty-updates/multiverse Translation-de
Ign http://de.archive.ubuntu.com trusty-updates/restricted Translation-en_US
Ign http://de.archive.ubuntu.com trusty-updates/restricted Translation-de
Ign http://de.archive.ubuntu.com trusty-updates/universe Translation-en_US
Ign http://de.archive.ubuntu.com trusty-updates/universe Translation-de
Ign http://de.archive.ubuntu.com trusty-backports/main Translation-en_US
Ign http://de.archive.ubuntu.com trusty-backports/main Translation-de
Ign http://de.archive.ubuntu.com trusty-backports/multiverse Translation-en_US
Ign http://de.archive.ubuntu.com trusty-backports/multiverse Translation-de
Ign http://de.archive.ubuntu.com trusty-backports/restricted Translation-en_US
Ign http://de.archive.ubuntu.com trusty-backports/restricted Translation-de
Ign http://de.archive.ubuntu.com trusty-backports/universe Translation-en_US
Ign http://de.archive.ubuntu.com trusty-backports/universe Translation-de
Ign http://de.archive.ubuntu.com trusty-proposed/main Translation-en_US
Ign http://de.archive.ubuntu.com trusty-proposed/multiverse Translation-en_US
Ign http://de.archive.ubuntu.com trusty-proposed/restricted Translation-en_US
Ign http://de.archive.ubuntu.com trusty-proposed/universe Translation-en_US
Fetched 1,250 kB in 8s (145 kB/s)
Reading package lists... Done
root@ubuntu:/#
然后我输入了：
root@ubuntu:/# apt-get --reinstall install linux-image-3.11.0-20-generic
...并得到以下答复：
Reading package lists... Done
Building dependency tree
Reading state information... Done
Reinstallation of linux-image-3.11.0-20-generic is not possible, it cannot be downloaded.
The following package was automatically installed and is no longer required:
linux-image-generic
Use 'apt-get autoremove' to remove it.
0 upgraded, 0 newly installed, 0 to remove and 1674 not upgraded.
1 not fully installed or removed.
After this operation, 0 B of additional disk space will be used.
Do you want to continue [Y/n]? Y
Setting up icaclient (12.1.0) ...
/var/lib/dpkg/info/icaclient.postinst: 696: /var/lib/dpkg/info/icaclient.postinst: nspluginwrapper: not found
dpkg: error processing icaclient (--configure):
subprocess installed post-installation script returned error exit status 2
Errors were encountered while processing:
icaclient
E: Sub-process /usr/bin/dpkg returned an error code (1)
接下来我输入了：
root@ubuntu:/# update-grub
系统回复：
Generating grub.cfg ...
Found linux image: /boot/vmlinuz-3.11.0-20-generic
Found linux image: /boot/vmlinuz-3.11.0-19-generic
Found linux image: /boot/vmlinuz-3.11.0-18-generic
Found linux image: /boot/vmlinuz-3.11.0-17-generic
Found linux image: /boot/vmlinuz-3.11.0-15-generic
Found linux image: /boot/vmlinuz-3.11.0-12-generic
Found memtest86+ image: /memtest86+.bin
done
然后我输入了：
root@ubuntu:/# grub-install
得到了这个：
Install device isn't specified.
Usage: grub-install [OPTION] [INSTALL_DEVICE]
Install GRUB on your drive.
-h, --help print this message and exit
-v, --version print the version information and exit
--modules=MODULES pre-load specified modules MODULES
--boot-directory=DIR install GRUB images under the directory DIR/grub
instead of the /boot/grub directory
--target=TARGET install GRUB for TARGET platform
[default=current]
--directory=DIR use GRUB images from DIR. Takes precedence
over target
--grub-setup=FILE use FILE as grub-setup
--grub-mkimage=FILE use FILE as grub-mkimage
--grub-mkrelpath=FILE use FILE as grub-mkrelpath
--grub-probe=FILE use FILE as grub-probe
--allow-floppy make the drive also bootable as floppy (default
for fdX devices). May break on some BIOSes.
--recheck delete device map if it already exists
--force install even if problems are detected
--force-file-id use identifier file even if UUID is available
--disk-module=MODULE disk module to use (biosdisk or native). This
option is only available on BIOS target.
--no-nvram don't update the `boot-device' NVRAM
variable. This option is only available on
IEEE1275 targets.
--removable the installation device is removable. This option
is only available on EFI.
--bootloader-id=ID the ID of bootloader. This option is only
available on EFI.
--efi-directory=DIR use DIR as the EFI System Partition root.
--uefi-secure-boot install an image usable with UEFI Secure
Boot. This option is only available on EFI and if
the grub-efi-amd64-signed package is installed.
--no-uefi-secure-boot do not install an image usable with UEFI Secure
Boot, even if the system was currently started
using it. This option is only available on EFI.
INSTALL_DEVICE must be system device filename.
grub-install copies GRUB images into /boot/grub, and uses grub-setup
to install grub into the boot sector.
Report bugs to <bug-grub@gnu.org>.
正如您在上面看到的，该过程显示了一些错误。结果是系统仍然无法启动。有人知道如何解决错误吗？
首先，尤其是作为初学者，永远不要编辑用户主目录之外的文件。不要手动弄乱你的系统。让 Ubuntu 在何时何地处理它需要的文件。
也就是说：这有点复杂，但您可以使用 live-dvd 或 USB 记忆棒（USB 更快）修复 Ubuntu。我会指导你完成它：
这与您在安装 Ubuntu 时所做的相同。只要确保选择“Try Ubuntu”。当你看到桌面，打开一个终端（CTRL+ ALT+ T），并运行以下命令：
sudo blkid
这会给你这样的结果
/dev/sda1: LABEL="EFI" UUID="70D6-1701" TYPE="vfat"
/dev/sda2: UUID="68ca53b3" LABEL="OSX" TYPE="hfsplus"
/dev/sda3: UUID="49526001" LABEL="Recovery HD" TYPE="hfsplus"
/dev/sda4: LABEL="BOOTCAMP" UUID="FCF67D7DF67D394A" TYPE="ntfs"
/dev/sda6: UUID="c1c76922" TYPE="ext4"
/dev/sda7: UUID="3b171268" TYPE="ext4"
/dev/sda8: UUID="bf3dd1b7" TYPE="swap"
请将此命令的结果发布回此处，以便我们进一步帮助您。我将继续上面的例子。
使用 chroot，您可以使用 live linux 并切换到安装在硬盘上的 Linux 来修复它。您的系统是使用 EFI 还是 BIOS 很重要。如果您的机器上有/有 Windows 8，它是 EFI 的一个很好的指标。在上面的例子中有一个小的 vfat 分区，它甚至被称为 EFI，所以上面的系统使用 EFI 来引导。两个ext4分区是Linux分区。您可以从启动器中打开它们以查看哪个包含根文件系统（包含诸如etc、usr、var等文件夹）。在上面的例子中，/dev/sda6是根分区，/dev/sda1是 EFI 分区。
在终端中运行以下命令来准备和打开 chroot。
sudo -i
mount /dev/sda6 /mnt
mount /dev/sda1 /mnt/boot/efi
for i in dev dev/pts proc sys sys/firmware; do mount --bind /$i /mnt/$i; done
chroot /mnt
只有在实际使用 EFI 时才需要挂载 EFI 分区，否则您可以省略该行。
您发布的分区列表表明您使用 LVM，因此我们需要考虑到这一点。用这些替换上面的两个挂载命令：
mount /dev/mapper/ubuntu--vg-root /mnt
mount /dev/sda1 /mnt/boot
要修复您的系统，请继续运行以下命令。
apt-get update
apt-get --reinstall install linux-image-3.11.0-20-generic
update-grub
grub-install
exit
现在重新启动机器，你应该一切都准备好了。