在高可用性软件 RAID 1 服务器上使用 smartd（在 smartmontools 中）监控磁盘运行状况

Question

我有三个相同的SATA / 600 3TB硬盘的服务器：/dev/sda，/dev/sdb，/dev/sdc。使用 GPT 对驱动器进行分区，每个分区具有三个分区：

• 1 MB：引导加载程序的保留分区
• 1 GB：RAID1 /dev/md0 ( ext2 ( /boot ) )
• 3 TB：RAID1 /dev/md1（加密卷（LVM（卷组（Swap、/、/etc、/home ...））））

三个驱动器中的一个是热备份，另外两个在 RAID 组中处于活动状态。它工作正常，我可以在断开任何单个硬盘驱动器后启动。我想使用smartd（smartmontools 的一部分）来监控驱动器的健康状况并向 syslog（我使用logcheck监控）报告错误。该服务器应具有尽可能高的可用性，但在测试期间性能下降是可以接受的。

这是输出smartctl -a /dev/sda：

smartctl 5.41 2011-06-09 r3365 [x86_64-linux-3.2.0-4-amd64] (local build)
Copyright (C) 2002-11 by Bruce Allen, http://smartmontools.sourceforge.net

=== START OF INFORMATION SECTION ===
Device Model:     WDC WD30EZRX-00MMMB0
Serial Number:    WD-WMAWZ0412093
LU WWN Device Id: 5 0014ee 2b19fbdcd
Firmware Version: 80.00A80
User Capacity:    3,000,592,982,016 bytes [3.00 TB]
Sector Sizes:     512 bytes logical, 4096 bytes physical
Device is:        Not in smartctl database [for details use: -P showall]
ATA Version is:   8
ATA Standard is:  Exact ATA specification draft version not indicated
Local Time is:    Fri Sep 27 15:37:25 2013 CEST
SMART support is: Available - device has SMART capability.
SMART support is: Enabled

=== START OF READ SMART DATA SECTION ===
SMART overall-health self-assessment test result: PASSED

General SMART Values:
Offline data collection status:  (0x82) Offline data collection activity
                    was completed without error.
                    Auto Offline Data Collection: Enabled.
Self-test execution status:      (   0) The previous self-test routine completed
                    without error or no self-test has ever 
                    been run.
Total time to complete Offline 
data collection:        (50280) seconds.
Offline data collection
capabilities:            (0x7b) SMART execute Offline immediate.
                    Auto Offline data collection on/off support.
                    Suspend Offline collection upon new
                    command.
                    Offline surface scan supported.
                    Self-test supported.
                    Conveyance Self-test supported.
                    Selective Self-test supported.
SMART capabilities:            (0x0003) Saves SMART data before entering
                    power-saving mode.
                    Supports SMART auto save timer.
Error logging capability:        (0x01) Error logging supported.
                    General Purpose Logging supported.
Short self-test routine 
recommended polling time:    (   2) minutes.
Extended self-test routine
recommended polling time:    ( 255) minutes.
Conveyance self-test routine
recommended polling time:    (   5) minutes.
SCT capabilities:          (0x3035) SCT Status supported.
                    SCT Feature Control supported.
                    SCT Data Table supported.

SMART Attributes Data Structure revision number: 16
Vendor Specific SMART Attributes with Thresholds:
ID# ATTRIBUTE_NAME          FLAG     VALUE WORST THRESH TYPE      UPDATED  WHEN_FAILED RAW_VALUE
  1 Raw_Read_Error_Rate     0x002f   200   200   051    Pre-fail  Always       -       0
  3 Spin_Up_Time            0x0027   148   148   021    Pre-fail  Always       -       9575
  4 Start_Stop_Count        0x0032   100   100   000    Old_age   Always       -       95
  5 Reallocated_Sector_Ct   0x0033   200   200   140    Pre-fail  Always       -       0
  7 Seek_Error_Rate         0x002e   200   200   000    Old_age   Always       -       0
  9 Power_On_Hours          0x0032   099   099   000    Old_age   Always       -       820
 10 Spin_Retry_Count        0x0032   100   253   000    Old_age   Always       -       0
 11 Calibration_Retry_Count 0x0032   100   253   000    Old_age   Always       -       0
 12 Power_Cycle_Count       0x0032   100   100   000    Old_age   Always       -       93
192 Power-Off_Retract_Count 0x0032   200   200   000    Old_age   Always       -       65
193 Load_Cycle_Count        0x0032   196   196   000    Old_age   Always       -       12824
194 Temperature_Celsius     0x0022   119   116   000    Old_age   Always       -       33
196 Reallocated_Event_Count 0x0032   200   200   000    Old_age   Always       -       0
197 Current_Pending_Sector  0x0032   200   200   000    Old_age   Always       -       0
198 Offline_Uncorrectable   0x0030   200   200   000    Old_age   Offline      -       0
199 UDMA_CRC_Error_Count    0x0032   200   200   000    Old_age   Always       -       0
200 Multi_Zone_Error_Rate   0x0008   200   200   000    Old_age   Offline      -       0

SMART Error Log Version: 1
No Errors Logged

SMART Self-test log structure revision number 1
Num  Test_Description    Status                  Remaining  LifeTime(hours)  LBA_of_first_error
# 1  Short offline       Completed without error       00%       787         -
# 2  Extended offline    Completed without error       00%       727         -

SMART Selective self-test log data structure revision number 1
 SPAN  MIN_LBA  MAX_LBA  CURRENT_TEST_STATUS
    1        0        0  Not_testing
    2        0        0  Not_testing
    3        0        0  Not_testing
    4        0        0  Not_testing
    5        0        0  Not_testing
Selective self-test flags (0x0):
  After scanning selected spans, do NOT read-scan remainder of disk.
If Selective self-test is pending on power-up, resume after 0 minute delay.

似乎支持离线测试。当我发出时smartctl -o on，smartctl -c显示Offline data collection status已设置为(0x82). 如果我发出smartctl -o off相同的值变为(0x02).

我已经将 smartd 设置start_smartd=yes为通过在/etc/default/smartmontools. 您如何建议我通过/etc/smartd.conf为此服务器进行编辑来配置 smartd ？请描述您使用的每个参数以及您使用它的原因。

我将添加我当前的设置作为答案。随意将其用作基础并在您自己的答案中对其进行改进。使用相同设置的更好描述也将是一种改进！

Answer 1

我从长时间的自测切换到select,cont测试。这就像长时间的自检，但一次只有一片磁盘。因此，虽然长时间的自测可能需要一天多的时间（使用 3TB 磁盘否则很忙），选择性测试可以在服务器最不忙的时候每晚运行并实际完成，而不会在更繁忙的时间损害性能。

因此，基本上，您将每月对整个磁盘进行长时间的自检，然后将其分发到在一个月内仍然覆盖整个磁盘的夜间选择性测试。

不过需要一些准备。

• smartd必须使用该--savestates选项运行，因为磁盘本身通常不会跟踪测试的最后一个区域。
• 您必须手动启动第一次选择性自检 ( -t select,0-$size)，以便smartd知道每天要测试的切片大小。大小决定了测试需要多长时间以及跨越整个磁盘的天数。
• 确保您选择的 $size 与磁盘大小对齐。否则，您可能会面临最后一个切片非常小的风险（最坏的情况是您只测试磁盘的一个扇区而浪费一天）。
• 您必须验证此信息是否确实进入了 savestates 文件，因为有时它不会，然后测试将不会以您想要的方式运行。（直接编辑保存状态文件也是一种选择）。
• 该smartd.conf文件的语法是-s c/../.././01（在本例中，它将在每天凌晨 1 点运行）。

然而，一旦完成，该过程是自动且可靠的。一旦它到达磁盘的末尾，它将在第二天的开始自动启动。阅读smartctl有关select,cont测试的联机帮助页。

虽然长期或选择性测试很棒，但您可能仍然应该运行短期或整体评估测试。它们只需要很短的时间，可能有助于检测一般问题。

Answer 2

我们已将所有服务器配置为使用以下行运行常规自测/etc/smartd.conf：

# DEVICESCAN matches all hard disks found in /dev/ and applies the following
# options to them.
#
# Default options from Debian:
# -d removable     don't exit when the device when a device vanishes
# -n standby       don't wake a device up that is sleeping
# -m root          send error reports to root
# -M exec ...      pipe the mail through that script
#
# Our options:
# -s L/../02/./17  run a long selftest on every 2nd of every month
#                  at 17 o'clock
DEVICESCAN -d removable -n standby -m root -M exec /usr/share/smartmontools/smartd-runner -s L/../02/./17

自检是 IMO SMART 提供的最可靠的健康检查类型。

编辑：

你能解释一下是什么-d removable吗？

来自man smartd.conf：

          removable - the device or its media is  removable.   This  indi?
          cates  to  smartd  that  it should continue (instead of exiting,
          which is the default behavior) if the device does not appear  to
          be  present  when smartd is started.  This Directive may be used
          in conjunction with the other ´-d´ Directives.

我认为smartd当受监控的磁盘之一消失时，它可以防止死亡......？我不确定，我只是将该-s L/../02/./17部分添加到该行中。原行：

DEVICESCAN -d removable -n standby -m root -M exec /usr/share/smartmontools/smartd-runner

是 Debian 的默认设置。

Answer 3

# DEVICESCAN      For all disks with SMART capabilities.
#
# -o off          Turn off automatic running of offline tests. An offline test
#                 is a test which may degrade performance.
#
# -n standby      Do not spin up the disk for the periodic 30 minute (default)
#                 SMART status polling, instead wait until the disk is active
#                 again and poll it then.
#
# -W 2            Report temperature changes of at least 2 degrees celsius since
#                 the last reading. Also report if a new min/max temperature is
#                 detected.
#
# -S on           Auto save attributes such as how long the disk has been powered
#                 on, min and max disk temperature.
#
# -s (L/../.[02468]/1/04|S/../.[13579]/1/04)
#     '-------a--------' '--------b-------'
#
#                 a: Long test on    even monday mornings at 04:00
#                 b: Short test on uneven monday mornings at 04:00

DEVICESCAN -o off -n standby -W 2 -S on -s (L/../.[02468]/1/04|S/../.[13579]/1/04)