重新安装 GRUB（grub-install：警告：此系统不支持 EFI 变量。）

Question

由于某种原因，硬盘 WDC WD40EJRX-89A 上的 GRUB 消失了。也许原因是我物理上更改了 SATA 驱动器/电缆，并且不确定是否将 SATA 电缆插入相同的插槽中。

\n

我尝试使用 live cd 重新安装 GRUB 但它没有安装

\n

    root@debian:~# fdisk -l\nDisk /dev/sdc: 232.89 GiB, 250059350016 bytes, 488397168 sectors\nDisk model: Samsung SSD 850 \nUnits: sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes\nSector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes\nI/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes\nDisklabel type: gpt\n\n\nDevice         Start       End   Sectors   Size Type\n/dev/sdc1       2048   1085439   1083392   529M Windows recovery environment\n/dev/sdc2    1085440   1290239    204800   100M EFI System\n/dev/sdc3    1290240   1323007     32768    16M Microsoft reserved\n/dev/sdc4    1323008 185296895 183973888  87.7G Microsoft basic data\n/dev/sdc5  185296896 488394751 303097856 144.5G Microsoft basic data\n\n\nDisk /dev/sdb: 3.64 TiB, 4000787030016 bytes, 7814037168 sectors\nDisk model: WDC WD40EJRX-89A\nUnits: sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes\nSector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 4096 bytes\nI/O size (minimum/optimal): 4096 bytes / 4096 bytes\nDisklabel type: gpt\n\n\nDevice          Start        End    Sectors   Size Type\n/dev/sdb1        2048    1050623    1048576   512M EFI System\n/dev/sdb2     1050624    4956159    3905536   1.9G Linux filesystem\n/dev/sdb3     4956160 5669019647 5664063488   2.6T Linux filesystem\n/dev/sdb4  5669019648 5669224447     204800   100M EFI System\n/dev/sdb5  5669224448 5669257215      32768    16M Microsoft reserved\n/dev/sdb6  5669257216 5882199868  212942653 101.5G Microsoft basic data\n/dev/sdb7  5882200064 5883518975    1318912   644M Windows recovery environment\n/dev/sdb8  5883521024 5883725823     204800   100M EFI System\n/dev/sdb9  5883725824 5883930623     204800   100M EFI System\n\n\nDisk /dev/sda: 931.51 GiB, 1000204886016 bytes, 1953525168 sectors\nDisk model: ST1000VX000-1ES1\nUnits: sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes\nSector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 4096 bytes\nI/O size (minimum/optimal): 4096 bytes / 4096 bytes\nDisklabel type: dos\n\nDevice     Boot     Start        End    Sectors   Size Id Type\n/dev/sda1  *         2048    6053887    6051840   2.9G 83 Linux\n/dev/sda2       336230400 1953521663 1617291264 771.2G  7 HPFS/NTFS/exFAT\n/dev/sda3         6055934  336230399  330174466 157.4G  5 Extended\n/dev/sda5         6055936  336230399  330174464 157.4G 83 Linux\n\nPartition 3 does not start on physical sector boundary.\nPartition table entries are not in disk order.\n\n\nDisk /dev/sdd: 7.5 GiB, 8056209408 bytes, 15734784 sectors\nDisk model: Transcend 8GB   \nUnits: sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes\nSector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes\nI/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes\nDisklabel type: dos\n\nDevice     Boot Start     End Sectors  Size Id Type\n/dev/sdd1  *        0 4938303 4938304  2.4G  0 Empty\n/dev/sdd2        1496    6721    5226  2.6M ef EFI (FAT-12/16/32)\n\n\nDisk /dev/loop0: 2.08 GiB, 2237280256 bytes, 4369688 sectors\nUnits: sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes\nSector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes\nI/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes\n\nroot@debian:~# cryptsetup luksOpen /dev/sdb3 home_sdb3\nEnter passphrase for /dev/sdb3: \nroot@debian:~# vgchange -ay\n  2 logical volume(s) in volume group "User-PC-vg" now active\nroot@debian:~# vgscan\n  Found volume group "User-PC-vg" using metadata type lvm2\nroot@debian:~# vgscan -ay \nvgscan: invalid option -- 'a'\n  Error during parsing of command line.\nroot@debian:~# vgchange -ay\n  2 logical volume(s) in volume group "User-PC-vg" now active\nroot@debian:~# lvscan\n  ACTIVE            '/dev/User-PC-vg/root' [<55.88 GiB] inherit\n  ACTIVE            '/dev/User-PC-vg/home' [2.58 TiB] inherit\nroot@debian:~# mount /dev/User-PC-vg/root /mnt\nroot@debian:~# modprobe efivars\nmodprobe: FATAL: Module efivars not found in directory /lib/modules/5.10.0-10-amd64\nroot@debian:~# mount /dev/sdb1 /mnt/boot/efi\nmount: /mnt/boot/efi: mount point does not exist.\nroot@debian:~# mount /dev/User-PC-vg/root /mnt\nmount: /mnt: /dev/mapper/User--PC--vg-root already mounted on /mnt.\nroot@debian:~# mount /dev/sdb1 /mnt/boot/efi^C\nroot@debian:~# umount /mnt\nroot@debian:~# mkdir /media/linux\nroot@debian:~# mount /dev/User-PC-vg/root /media/linux/\nroot@debian:~# modprobe efivars\nmodprobe: FATAL: Module efivars not found in directory /lib/modules/5.10.0-10-amd64\nroot@debian:~# mount /dev/sdb1 /media/linux/boot/efi\nmount: /media/linux/boot/efi: mount point does not exist.\nroot@debian:~# mount --bind /dev /media/linux/dev/\nroot@debian:~# mount --bind /dev/pts /media/linux/dev/pts\nroot@debian:~# mount --bind /proc /media/linux/proc\nroot@debian:~# mount --bind /sys /media/linux/sys\nroot@debian:~# chroot /media/linux\nroot@debian:/# mount /dev/sdb1 /boot/efi\nmount: /boot/efi: mount point does not exist.\nroot@debian:/# mount /dev/sdb2 /boot\n\n\nroot@debian:~# chroot /media/linux\nroot@debian:/# mount /dev/sdb1 /boot/efi\nroot@debian:/# mount /dev/sdb2 /boot\nmount: /boot: /dev/sdb2 already mounted on /boot.\n\nroot@debian:/etc/apt/sources.list.d# apt-get install --reinstall grub-efi-amd64\nReading package lists... Done\nBuilding dependency tree... Done\nReading state information... Done\n0 upgraded, 0 newly installed, 1 reinstalled, 0 to remove and 0 not upgraded.\nNeed to get 39.8 kB of archives.\nAfter this operation, 0 B of additional disk space will be used.\nGet:1 http://deb.debian.org/debian bullseye/main amd64 grub-efi-amd64 amd64 2.04-20 [39.8 kB]\nFetched 39.8 kB in 0s (271 kB/s)          \nPreconfiguring packages ...\n(Reading database ... 169682 files and directories currently installed.)\nPreparing to unpack .../grub-efi-amd64_2.04-20_amd64.deb ...\nUnpacking grub-efi-amd64 (2.04-20) over (2.04-20) ...\nSetting up grub-efi-amd64 (2.04-20) ...\nInstalling for x86_64-efi platform.\ngrub-install: warning: EFI variables are not supported on this system..\nInstallation finished. No error reported.\nGenerating grub configuration file ...\nFound background image: /usr/share/images/desktop-base/desktop-grub.png\nFound linux image: /boot/vmlinuz-5.10.0-11-amd64\nFound initrd image: /boot/initrd.img-5.10.0-11-amd64\nFound linux image: /boot/vmlinuz-5.10.0-10-amd64\nFound initrd image: /boot/initrd.img-5.10.0-10-amd64\ngrub-probe: error: cannot find a GRUB drive for /dev/sdd1.  Check your device.map.\ndone\nProcessing triggers for shim-signed:amd64 (1.38+15.4-7) ...\nroot@debian:/etc/apt/sources.list.d#     apt-get install --reinstall grub-efi\nReading package lists... Done\nBuilding dependency tree... Done\nReading state information... Done\nThe following NEW packages will be installed:\n  grub-efi\n0 upgraded, 1 newly installed, 0 to remove and 0 not upgraded.\nNeed to get 2,536 B of archives.\nAfter this operation, 16.4 kB of additional disk space will be used.\nGet:1 http://deb.debian.org/debian bullseye/main amd64 grub-efi amd64 2.04-20 [2,536 B]\nFetched 2,536 B in 0s (13.6 kB/s)    \nSelecting previously unselected package grub-efi.\n(Reading database ... 169682 files and directories currently installed.)\nPreparing to unpack .../grub-efi_2.04-20_amd64.deb ...\nUnpacking grub-efi (2.04-20) ...\nSetting up grub-efi (2.04-20) ...\nroot@debian:/etc/apt/sources.list.d# update-grub\nGenerating grub configuration file ...\nFound background image: /usr/share/images/desktop-base/desktop-grub.png\nFound linux image: /boot/vmlinuz-5.10.0-11-amd64\nFound initrd image: /boot/initrd.img-5.10.0-11-amd64\nFound linux image: /boot/vmlinuz-5.10.0-10-amd64\nFound initrd image: /boot/initrd.img-5.10.0-10-amd64\ngrub-probe: error: cannot find a GRUB drive for /dev/sdd1.  Check your device.map.\ndone\nroot@debian:/etc/apt/sources.list.d# cat /boot/grub/device.map \ncat: /boot/grub/device.map: No such file or directory\nroot@debian:/etc/apt/sources.list.d# grub-mkdevicemap\nroot@debian:/etc/apt/sources.list.d# lsblk\nNAME                    MAJ:MIN RM   SIZE RO TYPE  MOUNTPOINT\nloop0                     7:0    0   2.1G  1 loop  \nsda                       8:0    0 931.5G  0 disk  \n\xe2\x94\x9c\xe2\x94\x80sda1                    8:1    0   2.9G  0 part  \n\xe2\x94\x9c\xe2\x94\x80sda2                    8:2    0 771.2G  0 part  \n\xe2\x94\x9c\xe2\x94\x80sda3                    8:3    0     1K  0 part  \n\xe2\x94\x94\xe2\x94\x80sda5                    8:5    0 157.4G  0 part  \nsdb                       8:16   0   3.6T  0 disk  \n\xe2\x94\x9c\xe2\x94\x80sdb1                    8:17   0   512M  0 part  /boot/efi\n\xe2\x94\x9c\xe2\x94\x80sdb2                    8:18   0   1.9G  0 part  /boot\n\xe2\x94\x9c\xe2\x94\x80sdb3                    8:19   0   2.6T  0 part  \n\xe2\x94\x82 \xe2\x94\x94\xe2\x94\x80home_sdb3           253:0    0   2.6T  0 crypt \n\xe2\x94\x82   \xe2\x94\x9c\xe2\x94\x80User--PC--vg-root 253:1    0  55.9G  0 lvm   /\n\xe2\x94\x82   \xe2\x94\x94\xe2\x94\x80User--PC--vg-home 253:2    0   2.6T  0 lvm   \n\xe2\x94\x9c\xe2\x94\x80sdb4                    8:20   0   100M  0 part  \n\xe2\x94\x9c\xe2\x94\x80sdb5                    8:21   0    16M  0 part  \n\xe2\x94\x9c\xe2\x94\x80sdb6                    8:22   0 101.5G  0 part  \n\xe2\x94\x9c\xe2\x94\x80sdb7                    8:23   0   644M  0 part  \n\xe2\x94\x9c\xe2\x94\x80sdb8                    8:24   0   100M  0 part  \n\xe2\x94\x94\xe2\x94\x80sdb9                    8:25   0   100M  0 part  \nsdc                       8:32   0 232.9G  0 disk  \n\xe2\x94\x9c\xe2\x94\x80sdc1                    8:33   0   529M  0 part  \n\xe2\x94\x9c\xe2\x94\x80sdc2                    8:34   0   100M  0 part  \n\xe2\x94\x9c\xe2\x94\x80sdc3                    8:35   0    16M  0 part  \n\xe2\x94\x9c\xe2\x94\x80sdc4                    8:36   0  87.7G  0 part  \n\xe2\x94\x94\xe2\x94\x80sdc5                    8:37   0 144.5G  0 part  \nsdd                       8:48   1   7.5G  0 disk  \n\xe2\x94\x9c\xe2\x94\x80sdd1                    8:49   1   2.4G  0 part  \n\xe2\x94\x94\xe2\x94\x80sdd2                    8:50   1   2.6M  0 part  \nroot@debian:/etc/apt/sources.list.d# grub-install /dev/sdb\nInstalling for x86_64-efi platform.\ngrub-install: warning: EFI variables are not supported on this system..\nInstallation finished. No error reported.\nroot@debian:/etc/apt/sources.list.d# cat  /boot/grub/device.map \n(hd0)   /dev/disk/by-id/lvm-pv-uuid-kgnDO4-VKw7-Vw8c-71N3-ez6U-GoGj-T9lueq\n(hd1)   /dev/disk/by-id/ata-ST1000VX000-1ES162_Z4YE5K37\n(hd2)   /dev/disk/by-id/ata-WDC_WD40EJRX-89AKWY0_WD-WX32D21CZ08S\n(hd3)   /dev/disk/by-id/ata-Samsung_SSD_850_EVO_250GB_S2R6NB0H926126V\n(hd4)   /dev/disk/by-id/usb-JetFlash_Transcend_8GB_64E2V0LU-0:0\n

\n

Answer 1

当绑定安装/syschroot 时，使用--rbind代替--bind，即

mount --rbind /sys /media/linux/sys

或者，在 chroot 后手动挂载efivarfs虚拟文件系统：/sys/firmware/efi/efivars

mount -t efivarfs none /sys/firmware/efi/efivars

grub-install将需要该文件系统来操作 EFI 启动变量。mount --rbind包括原始的任何子安装座，而常规则--bind忽略它们。

如果efivarfs文件系统似乎不可用，请确保您已在 UEFI 模式下启动实时媒体。如果您不小心在旧版 BIOS 模式下启动了实时媒体，则用于操作 EFI 启动变量的固件 API（由efivarfs）将不可用。