使用 apt 安装或升级时出错

Question

我试图将 debian 9 升级到 10，但是当我尝试运行 sudo apt-get update、sudo apt-get upgrade 和 sudo apt-get full-upgrade 时，他们都收到了以下错误消息：

    optiplex@optiplex:~$ sudo apt-get upgrade
Reading package lists... Done
Building dependency tree       
Reading state information... Done
You might want to run 'apt --fix-broken install' to correct these.
The following packages have unmet dependencies:
 linux-image-generic-lts-xenial : Depends: linux-firmware but it is not installed
E: Unmet dependencies. Try 'apt --fix-broken install' with no packages (or specify a solution).

我试过跑步

apt --fix-broken install

但后来我收到了这个错误信息：

 optiplex@optiplex:~$ sudo apt --fix-broken install
Reading package lists... Done
Building dependency tree       
Reading state information... Done
Correcting dependencies... Done
The following package was automatically installed and is no longer required:
  linux-image-4.9.0-8-amd64
Use 'sudo apt autoremove' to remove it.
The following additional packages will be installed:
  linux-firmware
The following NEW packages will be installed:
  linux-firmware
0 upgraded, 1 newly installed, 0 to remove and 10 not upgraded.
3 not fully installed or removed.
Need to get 0 B/33.9 MB of archives.
After this operation, 127 MB of additional disk space will be used.
Do you want to continue? [Y/n] y
WARNING: The following packages cannot be authenticated!
  linux-firmware
Install these packages without verification? [y/N] y
(Reading database ... 514688 files and directories currently installed.)
Preparing to unpack .../linux-firmware_1.127.24_all.deb ...
Unpacking linux-firmware (1.127.24) ...
dpkg: error processing archive /var/cache/apt/archives/linux-firmware_1.127.24_all.deb (--unpack):
 trying to overwrite '/lib/firmware/cis/PE-200.cis', which is also in package firmware-linux-free 3.4
dpkg-deb: error: subprocess paste was killed by signal (Broken pipe)
Errors were encountered while processing:
 /var/cache/apt/archives/linux-firmware_1.127.24_all.deb
E: Sub-process /usr/bin/dpkg returned an error code (1)

有人可以帮我解决这个问题吗？

---

编辑：

我正在阅读 GAD3R 给出的说明，但是这次每当我尝试使用 apt 执行任何操作时，都会收到一条略有不同的错误消息：

    dpkg: error processing package snapd (--configure):
 subprocess installed post-installation script returned error exit status 1
Errors were encountered while processing:
 snapd
E: Sub-process /usr/bin/dpkg returned an error code (1)

---

编辑2：

我做到了，apt-get upgrade 但我不断收到错误：

... Selecting previously unselected package x11proto-dev.
Preparing to unpack .../513-x11proto-dev_2018.4-4_all.deb ...
Unpacking x11proto-dev (2018.4-4) ...
Preparing to unpack .../514-xbrlapi_5.6-10_amd64.deb ...
Unpacking xbrlapi (5.6-10) over (5.4-7+deb9u1) ...
Preparing to unpack .../515-xscreensaver-data_5.42+dfsg1-1_amd64.deb ...
Unpacking xscreensaver-data (5.42+dfsg1-1) over (5.36-1) ...
Preparing to unpack .../516-xscreensaver-gl_5.42+dfsg1-1_amd64.deb ...
Unpacking xscreensaver-gl (5.42+dfsg1-1) over (5.36-1) ...
Preparing to unpack .../517-xserver-xephyr_2%3a1.20.4-1_amd64.deb ...
Unpacking xserver-xephyr (2:1.20.4-1) over (2:1.19.2-1+deb9u5) ...
Preparing to unpack .../518-xterm_344-1_amd64.deb ...
Unpacking xterm (344-1) over (327-2) ...
Errors were encountered while processing:
 /tmp/apt-dpkg-install-3w5XWy/270-libel-api-java_3.0.0-2_all.deb
 /tmp/apt-dpkg-install-3w5XWy/303-libjsp-api-java_2.3.4-2_all.deb
 /tmp/apt-dpkg-install-3w5XWy/361-libwebsocket-api-java_1.1-1_all.deb
 /tmp/apt-dpkg-install-3w5XWy/433-plymouth_0.9.4-1.1_amd64.deb
E: Sub-process /usr/bin/dpkg returned an error code (1)

我在 Optiplex 755 PC 上运行 Debian 9

感谢您的时间！

尼古拉。

Answer 1

要升级debian的9至10你应该只在你的下面几行/etc/apt/sources.list：

deb http://deb.debian.org/debian buster main
deb http://deb.debian.org/debian-security/ buster/updates main
deb http://deb.debian.org/debian buster-updates main

禁用/etc/apt/sources.list.d/目录下的第三方存储库。

在您的情况下，您启用了 ubuntu-xenial 存储库（提供linux-image-generic-lts-xenial软件包），它将破坏您的系统。

然后运行：

sudo apt update
sudo apt install linux-image-amd64
sudo apt upgrade
sudo apt dist-upgrade

正如@Stephen Kitt所说，linux-firmware_1.127.24_all.deb属于 Ubuntu Trusty 导致的error code (1)，应该将其删除：apt purge linux-firmware。

要解决以下错误（post-removal脚本）：

Errors were encountered while processing:
/var/cache/apt/archives/linux-firmware_1.127.24_all.deb
E: Sub-process /usr/bin/dpkg returned an error code (1)

编辑/var/lib/dpkg/info/linux-firmware.postrm文件并将其内容替换为：

#!/bin/bash
/bin/true

要解决以下错误（post-installation脚本）：

subprocess installed post-installation script returned error exit status 1
Errors were encountered while processing:
snapd
E: Sub-process /usr/bin/dpkg returned an error code (1)

编辑/var/lib/dpkg/info/snapd.postinst如下：

#!/bin/bash
/bin/true

更新：

备份/var/lib/dpkg/status和/var/lib/dpkg/status-old再替换status的文件status-old：

sudo cp /var/lib/dpkg/status /var/lib/dpkg/status.bak1
sudo cp /var/lib/dpkg/status-old /var/lib/dpkg/status-old.bak1
sudo mv /var/lib/dpkg/status-old /var/lib/dpkg/status

然后运行：

sudo dpkg --configure -a
sudo apt clean
sudo apt autoclean
sudo apt update 
sudo apt upgrade