升级到 Debian 测试 (Buster) 后，PulseAudio 无法识别英特尔 HDA

Question

在从 Debian 9 稳定版升级到 Debian 10 测试后的整个夏天，我注意到一个问题：PulseAudio 不再识别我的 Intel HDA 音频设备。当时我能够切换到通过 nVidia HDMI 连接的显示器的音频，所以我回避了这个问题，希望未来的更新能够解决它。他们没有。快进几个月，我重新安排了我的工作区，现在需要让英特尔 HDA 再次工作。

这是我到目前为止所看到的......

Debian 10 测试

内核看到它：

# dmesg | grep HDA
[  +0.005509] input: HDA Intel PCH Front Mic as /devices/pci0000:00/0000:00:1b.0/sound/card0/input17
[  +0.000073] input: HDA Intel PCH Rear Mic as /devices/pci0000:00/0000:00:1b.0/sound/card0/input18
[  +0.000057] input: HDA Intel PCH Line as /devices/pci0000:00/0000:00:1b.0/sound/card0/input19
[  +0.000054] input: HDA Intel PCH Line Out Front as /devices/pci0000:00/0000:00:1b.0/sound/card0/input20
[  +0.000052] input: HDA Intel PCH Line Out Surround as /devices/pci0000:00/0000:00:1b.0/sound/card0/input21
[  +0.000051] input: HDA Intel PCH Line Out CLFE as /devices/pci0000:00/0000:00:1b.0/sound/card0/input22
[  +0.000053] input: HDA Intel PCH Line Out Side as /devices/pci0000:00/0000:00:1b.0/sound/card0/input23
[  +0.000058] input: HDA Intel PCH Front Headphone as /devices/pci0000:00/0000:00:1b.0/sound/card0/input24
[followed by NVidia HDMI audio devices that are recognized]

# lspci -nnk | grep -A2 Audio
00:1b.0 Audio device [0403]: Intel Corporation 7 Series/C216 Chipset Family High Definition Audio Controller [8086:1e20] (rev 04)
    Subsystem: Gigabyte Technology Co., Ltd 7 Series/C216 Chipset Family High Definition Audio Controller [1458:a002]
    Kernel driver in use: snd_hda_intel
    Kernel modules: snd_hda_intel
[followed by NVidia HDMI audio devices that are recognized]

ALSA 看到了：

# aplay -l

**** List of PLAYBACK Hardware Devices ****
card 0: PCH [HDA Intel PCH], device 0: Generic Analog [Generic Analog]
  Subdevices: 0/1
  Subdevice #0: subdevice #0
card 0: PCH [HDA Intel PCH], device 1: Generic Digital [Generic Digital]
  Subdevices: 1/1
  Subdevice #0: subdevice #0
[followed by NVidia HDMI audio devices that are recognized]

# aplay -L | grep PCH
default:CARD=PCH
    HDA Intel PCH, Generic Analog
sysdefault:CARD=PCH
    HDA Intel PCH, Generic Analog
front:CARD=PCH,DEV=0
    HDA Intel PCH, Generic Analog
surround21:CARD=PCH,DEV=0
    HDA Intel PCH, Generic Analog
surround40:CARD=PCH,DEV=0
    HDA Intel PCH, Generic Analog
surround41:CARD=PCH,DEV=0
    HDA Intel PCH, Generic Analog
surround50:CARD=PCH,DEV=0
    HDA Intel PCH, Generic Analog
surround51:CARD=PCH,DEV=0
    HDA Intel PCH, Generic Analog
surround71:CARD=PCH,DEV=0
    HDA Intel PCH, Generic Analog
iec958:CARD=PCH,DEV=0
    HDA Intel PCH, Generic Digital
dmix:CARD=PCH,DEV=0
    HDA Intel PCH, Generic Analog
dmix:CARD=PCH,DEV=1
    HDA Intel PCH, Generic Digital
dsnoop:CARD=PCH,DEV=0
    HDA Intel PCH, Generic Analog
dsnoop:CARD=PCH,DEV=1
    HDA Intel PCH, Generic Digital
hw:CARD=PCH,DEV=0
    HDA Intel PCH, Generic Analog
hw:CARD=PCH,DEV=1
    HDA Intel PCH, Generic Digital
plughw:CARD=PCH,DEV=0
    HDA Intel PCH, Generic Analog
plughw:CARD=PCH,DEV=1
    HDA Intel PCH, Generic Digital

扬声器测试正常播放音频 aplay -D default:CARD=PCH /usr/share/sounds/alsa/Front_Left.wav

但是 PulseAudio 根本看不到设备：

$ pacmd list-sinks
1 sink(s) available.
  * index: 0
    name: <auto_null>
    driver: <module-null-sink.c>
    flags: DECIBEL_VOLUME LATENCY DYNAMIC_LATENCY
    state: SUSPENDED
    suspend cause: IDLE
    priority: 1000
    volume: front-left: 55705 /  85% / -4.24 dB,   front-right: 55705 /  85% / -4.24 dB
            balance 0.00
    base volume: 65536 / 100% / 0.00 dB
    volume steps: 65537
    muted: no
    current latency: 0.00 ms
    max request: 344 KiB
    max rewind: 344 KiB
    monitor source: 0
    sample spec: s16le 2ch 44100Hz
    channel map: front-left,front-right
                 Stereo
    used by: 0
    linked by: 0
    configured latency: 0.00 ms; range is 0.50 .. 2000.00 ms
    module: 16
    properties:
        device.description = "Dummy Output"
        device.class = "abstract"
        device.icon_name = "audio-card"

当我进入声音设置时，我看到的只是虚拟输出设备。（此处不再列出 nVidia 设备，因为在重新排列时，我使用的是另一台没有音频的显示器，因此当前没有连接 HDMI 音频设备。）

我试图清除 PulseAudio 配置，认为我可能会通过以下方式处理一些遗留问题：

rm ~/.pulse/* ~/.config/pulse/*

Debian 9 稳定版

我在这台机器上还有另一个分区，它仍在运行稳定的 Debian 9，其中英特尔 HDA 在 PulseAudio 下工作，并且 ALSA 驱动程序与 Debian 10 之间似乎存在差异，因此以下是我注意到的差异...

# aplay -l

**** List of PLAYBACK Hardware Devices ****
card 0: PCH [HDA Intel PCH], device 0: ALC887-VD Analog [ALC887-VD Analog]
  Subdevices: 1/1
  Subdevice #0: subdevice #0
card 0: PCH [HDA Intel PCH], device 1: ALC887-VD Digital [ALC887-VD Digital]
  Subdevices: 0/1
  Subdevice #0: subdevice #0

# aplay -L | grep PCH

sysdefault:CARD=PCH
    HDA Intel PCH, ALC887-VD Analog
front:CARD=PCH,DEV=0
    HDA Intel PCH, ALC887-VD Analog
surround21:CARD=PCH,DEV=0
    HDA Intel PCH, ALC887-VD Analog
surround40:CARD=PCH,DEV=0
    HDA Intel PCH, ALC887-VD Analog
surround41:CARD=PCH,DEV=0
    HDA Intel PCH, ALC887-VD Analog
surround50:CARD=PCH,DEV=0
    HDA Intel PCH, ALC887-VD Analog
surround51:CARD=PCH,DEV=0
    HDA Intel PCH, ALC887-VD Analog
surround71:CARD=PCH,DEV=0
    HDA Intel PCH, ALC887-VD Analog
iec958:CARD=PCH,DEV=0
    HDA Intel PCH, ALC887-VD Digital
dmix:CARD=PCH,DEV=0
    HDA Intel PCH, ALC887-VD Analog
dmix:CARD=PCH,DEV=1
    HDA Intel PCH, ALC887-VD Digital
dsnoop:CARD=PCH,DEV=0
    HDA Intel PCH, ALC887-VD Analog
dsnoop:CARD=PCH,DEV=1
    HDA Intel PCH, ALC887-VD Digital
hw:CARD=PCH,DEV=0
    HDA Intel PCH, ALC887-VD Analog
hw:CARD=PCH,DEV=1
    HDA Intel PCH, ALC887-VD Digital
plughw:CARD=PCH,DEV=0
    HDA Intel PCH, ALC887-VD Analog
plughw:CARD=PCH,DEV=1
    HDA Intel PCH, ALC887-VD Digital

当然，Debian 9 在 PulseAudio 中看到了 Intel HDA：

$ pacmd list-sinks
1 sink(s) available.
  * index: 2
    name: <alsa_output.pci-0000_00_1b.0.iec958-stereo>
    driver: <module-alsa-card.c>
    flags: HARDWARE HW_MUTE_CTRL DECIBEL_VOLUME LATENCY FLAT_VOLUME DYNAMIC_LATENCY
    state: RUNNING
    suspend cause: 
    priority: 9958
    volume: front-left: 65536 / 100% / 0.00 dB,   front-right: 65536 / 100% / 0.00 dB
            balance 0.00
    base volume: 65536 / 100% / 0.00 dB
    volume steps: 65537
    muted: no
    current latency: 24.26 ms
    max request: 4 KiB
    max rewind: 344 KiB
    monitor source: 3
    sample spec: s16le 2ch 48000Hz
    channel map: front-left,front-right
                 Stereo
    used by: 1
    linked by: 1
    configured latency: 25.00 ms; range is 0.50 .. 1837.50 ms
    card: 1 <alsa_card.pci-0000_00_1b.0>
    module: 7
    properties:
        alsa.resolution_bits = "16"
        device.api = "alsa"
        device.class = "sound"
        alsa.class = "generic"
        alsa.subclass = "generic-mix"
        alsa.name = "ALC887-VD Digital"
        alsa.id = "ALC887-VD Digital"
        alsa.subdevice = "0"
        alsa.subdevice_name = "subdevice #0"
        alsa.device = "1"
        alsa.card = "0"
        alsa.card_name = "HDA Intel PCH"
        alsa.long_card_name = "HDA Intel PCH at 0xf5130000 irq 30"
        alsa.driver_name = "snd_hda_intel"
        device.bus_path = "pci-0000:00:1b.0"
        sysfs.path = "/devices/pci0000:00/0000:00:1b.0/sound/card0"
        device.bus = "pci"
        device.vendor.id = "8086"
        device.vendor.name = "Intel Corporation"
        device.product.id = "1e20"
        device.product.name = "7 Series/C216 Chipset Family High Definition Audio Controller"
        device.form_factor = "internal"
        device.string = "iec958:0"
        device.buffering.buffer_size = "352800"
        device.buffering.fragment_size = "176400"
        device.access_mode = "mmap+timer"
        device.profile.name = "iec958-stereo"
        device.profile.description = "Digital Stereo (IEC958)"
        device.description = "Built-in Audio Digital Stereo (IEC958)"
        alsa.mixer_name = "Realtek ALC887-VD"
        alsa.components = "HDA:10ec0887,1458a002,00100302"
        module-udev-detect.discovered = "1"
        device.icon_name = "audio-card-pci"
    ports:
        iec958-stereo-output: Digital Output (S/PDIF) (priority 0, latency offset 0 usec, available: unknown)
            properties:

    active port: <iec958-stereo-output>

所以问题很明显：如何让英特尔 HDA 音频在 PulseAudio 和 Debian 10 中再次工作？这是我可以从配置的角度修复的问题，还是需要由 ALSA 或 PulseAudio 维护人员修复的驱动程序问题？

Answer 1

由于同样的问题，我最终来到这里，从 Stretch 升级后，音频消失了。类似的症状和输出（Nvidia 卡和 Intel HDA 声音）。但是，在按照说明进行操作时，我发现无法执行此步骤：

root@desk:~# aplay -D plughw:0,0 /usr/share/sounds/alsa/Front_Center.wav
aplay: main:828: audio open error: Device or resource busy

我发现罪魁祸首是胆怯：

root@desk:~# fuser -v /dev/snd/*
                     USER        PID ACCESS COMMAND
/dev/snd/pcmC0D0p:   timidity   1274 F...m timidity
/dev/snd/seq:        timidity   1274 F.... timidity

一旦我杀了它，我就可以继续编辑/etc/pulse/default.pa，一切都很快就位。我仍然不确定问题是缺少 PA 接收器还是胆怯接管了。

我也考虑过提交错误报告，但我不确定哪里更合适。如果您有任何建议，我很乐意跟随您的脚步，并在报告中加入我的支持。

感谢您分享解决方案！

Answer 2

我刚刚遇到了这个确切的问题，卸载 Timidity 解决了它。从字面上看，当软件包被 apt 删除时，我看到一条通知显示我有一个声卡（解释为音量变化）。

Answer 3

如果其他人遇到这个问题，这里有一个解决方法来强制 PulseAudio 使用 ALSA 设备......

首先，通过直接通过 ALSA 播放一些音频来确认您知道正确的声卡和设备：

aplay -D plughw:<CARD#>,<DEVICE#> /usr/share/sounds/alsa/Front_Center.wav

在我的情况下，我想要光学音频输出，因此根据我aplay -l在上面的问题中看到的输出，它是：

aplay -D plughw:0,1 /usr/share/sounds/alsa/Front_Center.wav

记下卡号和设备号并添加一个条目/etc/pulse/default.pa（将 0,1 替换为在上一步中对您有用的内容）：

load-module module-alsa-sink device=plughw:0,1

我在文件中的.ifexists module-udev-detect.so行之前添加了这一行（即在### Load audio drivers statically 注释下方）

然后以您的桌面会话登录的用户身份（即不是root 用户）运行以下命令：

pulseaudio --kill
pulseaudio --start

然后你应该能够打开声音设置来查看和选择卡：

此时，您应该可以再次通过 PulseAudio 进行音频播放。（有什么我注意到的是，pacmd list-cards将依然不会列出，即使它现在工作卡）提醒：这是一个解决办法，而不是长期的修复，所以一定要记到自己在某些时候在将来撤消此看如果它被正确修复。但它暂时让音频工作。