如何防止在 Linux Mint 上安装特定软件包？

Question

TL; 博士

问题：如何禁止intel-microcode将来安装该软件包？由于我记性不好，我可能有一天会再次尝试安装它。

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很长的故事

昨天，我intel-microcode在 Linux Mint 18.3 上使用driver-manager.

问题：在这台笔记本电脑的情况下，它会导致系统完全冻结。

可重现：是的，每次启动后。

时间：每次系统启动时。更具体地说，有时在加载时initramfs，更多是在登录后不久（最多 5 分钟）。

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内核：4.13.0-38-generic。

硬件：不旧但不新的笔记本电脑 Lenovo IdeaPad Z50-70，准确型号 59-432384。

BIOS：9BCN31WW。

BIOS 升级注意事项：由于 Lenovo 仅提供 Windows 的 BIOS 升级，我无法升级。最新的 BIOS 日期为 2015 年 9 月 24 日，反正已经很久以前了，联想 BIOS 下载页面。

CPU：i7-4510U，方舟英特尔。

dmidecode，相关CPU部分：

Processor Information
        Socket Designation: U3E1
        Type: Central Processor
        Family: Core i7
        Manufacturer: Intel(R) Corporation
        ID: 51 06 04 00 FF FB EB BF
        Signature: Type 0, Family 6, Model 69, Stepping 1
        Flags:
                FPU (Floating-point unit on-chip)
                VME (Virtual mode extension)
                DE (Debugging extension)
                PSE (Page size extension)
                TSC (Time stamp counter)
                MSR (Model specific registers)
                PAE (Physical address extension)
                MCE (Machine check exception)
                CX8 (CMPXCHG8 instruction supported)
                APIC (On-chip APIC hardware supported)
                SEP (Fast system call)
                MTRR (Memory type range registers)
                PGE (Page global enable)
                MCA (Machine check architecture)
                CMOV (Conditional move instruction supported)
                PAT (Page attribute table)
                PSE-36 (36-bit page size extension)
                CLFSH (CLFLUSH instruction supported)
                DS (Debug store)
                ACPI (ACPI supported)
                MMX (MMX technology supported)
                FXSR (FXSAVE and FXSTOR instructions supported)
                SSE (Streaming SIMD extensions)
                SSE2 (Streaming SIMD extensions 2)
                SS (Self-snoop)
                HTT (Multi-threading)
                TM (Thermal monitor supported)
                PBE (Pending break enabled)
        Version: Intel(R) Core(TM) i7-4510U CPU @ 2.00GHz
        Voltage: 0.7 V
        External Clock: 100 MHz
        Max Speed: 2600 MHz
        Current Speed: 1900 MHz
        Status: Populated, Enabled
        Upgrade: Socket BGA1168
        L1 Cache Handle: 0x000B
        L2 Cache Handle: 0x000C
        L3 Cache Handle: 0x000D
        Serial Number: To Be Filled By O.E.M.
        Asset Tag: To Be Filled By O.E.M.
        Part Number: To Be Filled By O.E.M.
        Core Count: 2
        Core Enabled: 2
        Thread Count: 4
        Characteristics:
                64-bit capable
                Multi-Core
                Hardware Thread
                Execute Protection
                Enhanced Virtualization
                Power/Performance Control

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临时解决方案：我很幸运，有一次计算机可以正常启动，而且我的速度足够快，再次通过driver-manager.

Answer 1

你可以给封装一个负极引脚；这将阻止apt安装它。添加一个名为no-intel-microcodein的文件，例如/etc/apt/preferences.d，包含

Explanation: intel-microcode causes this laptop to crash
Package: intel-microcode
Pin: release n=xenial*
Pin-Priority: -1

尝试安装intel-microcode然后会抱怨找不到候选版本，并且不会安装任何内容。允许通过基于 APT 的工具进行安装的唯一方法是更改引脚。

apt policy intel-microcode 会显示类似的东西

intel-microcode:
  Installed: (none)
  Candidate: (none)
  Version table:
     3.20180312.1 -1
         -1 http://ftp.fr.debian.org/debian testing/non-free amd64 Packages
         -1 http://ftp.fr.debian.org/debian unstable/non-free amd64 Packages
     3.20170707.1~deb9u1 -1
         -1 http://ftp.fr.debian.org/debian stretch/non-free amd64 Packages