Mir*_*osz 5 boot usb debian initramfs
如果 initramfs 启动时已插入，我的 Debian 测试系统上的 Initramfs 无法自动加载外部 USB 3 HDD (Seagate Backup Plus 1T) 所需的内核模块。如果我启动到 initramfs shell，拔出电缆并重新插入，那么设备将显示出来，我将能够安装它。
我在 initramfs 中不需要这个设备，但是/dev/由 initramfs 创建的文件系统被传递到主操作系统，我确实需要它。我必须拔出和插入电缆才能使设备可用。
我如何设置 initramfs 来解决这个设备？或者我如何告诉主操作系统遍历硬件总线并处理 initramfs 中的 udev 错过的所有设备？
在我关闭和打开设备后，加载了两个新模块：
# lsmod
Module Size Used by
uas 24576 0
usb_storage 69632 1 uas
这些模块在 initramfs 镜像中可用：
# lsinitramfs /boot/initrd.img-4.6.0-1-amd64 |grep -E '(uas|usb-storage)'
lib/modules/4.6.0-1-amd64/kernel/drivers/usb/storage/usb-storage.ko
lib/modules/4.6.0-1-amd64/kernel/drivers/usb/storage/uas.ko
uname，dmesg并lsusb在堵塞装置后输出：
# uname -a
Linux pingwin 4.6.0-1-amd64 #1 SMP Debian 4.6.4-1 (2016-07-18) x86_64 GNU/Linux
# dmesg
[ 53.412599] usb 2-2: new SuperSpeed USB device number 2 using xhci_hcd
[ 53.429652] usb 2-2: New USB device found, idVendor=0bc2, idProduct=ab24
[ 53.429659] usb 2-2: New USB device strings: Mfr=2, Product=3, SerialNumber=1
[ 53.429662] usb 2-2: Product: BUP Slim BK
[ 53.429664] usb 2-2: Manufacturer: Seagate
[ 53.429667] usb 2-2: SerialNumber: NA7K016V
[ 53.455444] usbcore: registered new interface driver usb-storage
[ 53.458787] scsi host6: uas
[ 53.458962] usbcore: registered new interface driver uas
[ 53.459440] scsi 6:0:0:0: Direct-Access Seagate BUP Slim BK 0302 PQ: 0 ANSI: 6
[ 53.497569] sd 6:0:0:0: Attached scsi generic sg2 type 0
[ 53.497586] sd 6:0:0:0: [sdb] Spinning up disk...
[ 54.503950] ...ready
[ 56.518071] sd 6:0:0:0: [sdb] 1953525167 512-byte logical blocks: (1.00 TB/932 GiB)
[ 56.518077] sd 6:0:0:0: [sdb] 2048-byte physical blocks
[ 56.687950] sd 6:0:0:0: [sdb] Write Protect is off
[ 56.687960] sd 6:0:0:0: [sdb] Mode Sense: 4f 00 00 00
[ 56.688242] sd 6:0:0:0: [sdb] Write cache: enabled, read cache: enabled, doesn't support DPO or FUA
[ 56.699372] sdb: sdb1
[ 56.700399] sd 6:0:0:0: [sdb] Attached SCSI disk
# lsusb -v -d 0bc2:ab24
Bus 004 Device 002: ID 0bc2:ab24 Seagate RSS LLC
Device Descriptor:
bLength 18
bDescriptorType 1
bcdUSB 3.00
bDeviceClass 0 (Defined at Interface level)
bDeviceSubClass 0
bDeviceProtocol 0
bMaxPacketSize0 9
idVendor 0x0bc2 Seagate RSS LLC
idProduct 0xab24
bcdDevice 1.00
iManufacturer 2 Seagate
iProduct 3 BUP Slim BK
iSerial 1 NA7K016V
bNumConfigurations 1
Configuration Descriptor:
bLength 9
bDescriptorType 2
wTotalLength 121
bNumInterfaces 1
bConfigurationValue 1
iConfiguration 0
bmAttributes 0x80
(Bus Powered)
MaxPower 36mA
Interface Descriptor:
bLength 9
bDescriptorType 4
bInterfaceNumber 0
bAlternateSetting 0
bNumEndpoints 2
bInterfaceClass 8 Mass Storage
bInterfaceSubClass 6 SCSI
bInterfaceProtocol 80 Bulk-Only
iInterface 0
Endpoint Descriptor:
bLength 7
bDescriptorType 5
bEndpointAddress 0x81 EP 1 IN
bmAttributes 2
Transfer Type Bulk
Synch Type None
Usage Type Data
wMaxPacketSize 0x0400 1x 1024 bytes
bInterval 0
bMaxBurst 15
Endpoint Descriptor:
bLength 7
bDescriptorType 5
bEndpointAddress 0x02 EP 2 OUT
bmAttributes 2
Transfer Type Bulk
Synch Type None
Usage Type Data
wMaxPacketSize 0x0400 1x 1024 bytes
bInterval 0
bMaxBurst 15
Interface Descriptor:
bLength 9
bDescriptorType 4
bInterfaceNumber 0
bAlternateSetting 1
bNumEndpoints 4
bInterfaceClass 8 Mass Storage
bInterfaceSubClass 6 SCSI
bInterfaceProtocol 98
iInterface 0
Endpoint Descriptor:
bLength 7
bDescriptorType 5
bEndpointAddress 0x81 EP 1 IN
bmAttributes 2
Transfer Type Bulk
Synch Type None
Usage Type Data
wMaxPacketSize 0x0400 1x 1024 bytes
bInterval 0
bMaxBurst 15
MaxStreams 32
Data-in pipe (0x03)
Endpoint Descriptor:
bLength 7
bDescriptorType 5
bEndpointAddress 0x02 EP 2 OUT
bmAttributes 2
Transfer Type Bulk
Synch Type None
Usage Type Data
wMaxPacketSize 0x0400 1x 1024 bytes
bInterval 0
bMaxBurst 15
MaxStreams 32
Data-out pipe (0x04)
Endpoint Descriptor:
bLength 7
bDescriptorType 5
bEndpointAddress 0x83 EP 3 IN
bmAttributes 2
Transfer Type Bulk
Synch Type None
Usage Type Data
wMaxPacketSize 0x0400 1x 1024 bytes
bInterval 0
bMaxBurst 15
MaxStreams 32
Status pipe (0x02)
Endpoint Descriptor:
bLength 7
bDescriptorType 5
bEndpointAddress 0x04 EP 4 OUT
bmAttributes 2
Transfer Type Bulk
Synch Type None
Usage Type Data
wMaxPacketSize 0x0400 1x 1024 bytes
bInterval 0
bMaxBurst 0
Command pipe (0x01)
Binary Object Store Descriptor:
bLength 5
bDescriptorType 15
wTotalLength 22
bNumDeviceCaps 2
USB 2.0 Extension Device Capability:
bLength 7
bDescriptorType 16
bDevCapabilityType 2
bmAttributes 0x00000002
Link Power Management (LPM) Supported
SuperSpeed USB Device Capability:
bLength 10
bDescriptorType 16
bDevCapabilityType 3
bmAttributes 0x00
wSpeedsSupported 0x000e
Device can operate at Full Speed (12Mbps)
Device can operate at High Speed (480Mbps)
Device can operate at SuperSpeed (5Gbps)
bFunctionalitySupport 1
Lowest fully-functional device speed is Full Speed (12Mbps)
bU1DevExitLat 10 micro seconds
bU2DevExitLat 2047 micro seconds
Device Status: 0x000c
(Bus Powered)
U1 Enabled
U2 Enabled
udevadminitramfs中和工作系统输出（他们几乎相同，唯一的区别是stat，iodone_cnt，ioerr_cnt，iorequest_cnt和urbnum）：
# udevadm info -a -p /sys/block/sdb on initramfs
Udevadm info starts with the device specified by the devpath and then
walks up the chain of parent devices. It prints for every device
found, all possible attributes in the udev rules key format.
A rule to match, can be composed by the attributes of the device
and the attributes from one single parent device.
looking at device '/devices/pci0000:00/0000:00:14.0/usb4/4-2/4-2:1.0/host6/target6:0:0/6:0:0:0/block/sdb':
KERNEL=="sdb"
SUBSYSTEM=="block"
DRIVER==""
ATTR{alignment_offset}=="0"
ATTR{badblocks}==""
ATTR{capability}=="50"
ATTR{discard_alignment}=="0"
ATTR{events}==""
ATTR{events_async}==""
ATTR{events_poll_msecs}=="-1"
ATTR{ext_range}=="256"
ATTR{inflight}==" 0 0"
ATTR{range}=="16"
ATTR{removable}=="0"
ATTR{ro}=="0"
ATTR{size}=="1953525167"
ATTR{stat}==" 72 0 4254 232 0 0 0 0 0 136 232"
looking at parent device '/devices/pci0000:00/0000:00:14.0/usb4/4-2/4-2:1.0/host6/target6:0:0/6:0:0:0':
KERNELS=="6:0:0:0"
SUBSYSTEMS=="scsi"
DRIVERS=="sd"
ATTRS{device_blocked}=="0"
ATTRS{device_busy}=="0"
ATTRS{dh_state}=="detached"
ATTRS{eh_timeout}=="10"
ATTRS{evt_capacity_change_reported}=="0"
ATTRS{evt_inquiry_change_reported}=="0"
ATTRS{evt_lun_change_reported}=="0"
ATTRS{evt_media_change}=="0"
ATTRS{evt_mode_parameter_change_reported}=="0"
ATTRS{evt_soft_threshold_reached}=="0"
ATTRS{inquiry}==""
ATTRS{iocounterbits}=="32"
ATTRS{iodone_cnt}=="0x7a"
ATTRS{ioerr_cnt}=="0x8"
ATTRS{iorequest_cnt}=="0x7a"
ATTRS{model}=="BUP Slim BK "
ATTRS{queue_depth}=="30"
ATTRS{queue_type}=="simple"
ATTRS{rev}=="0302"
ATTRS{scsi_level}=="7"
ATTRS{state}=="running"
ATTRS{timeout}=="30"
ATTRS{type}=="0"
ATTRS{vendor}=="Seagate "
ATTRS{vpd_pg80}==""
ATTRS{vpd_pg83}==""
ATTRS{wwid}=="naa.5000000000000001"
looking at parent device '/devices/pci0000:00/0000:00:14.0/usb4/4-2/4-2:1.0/host6/target6:0:0':
KERNELS=="target6:0:0"
SUBSYSTEMS=="scsi"
DRIVERS==""
looking at parent device '/devices/pci0000:00/0000:00:14.0/usb4/4-2/4-2:1.0/host6':
KERNELS=="host6"
SUBSYSTEMS=="scsi"
DRIVERS==""
looking at parent device '/devices/pci0000:00/0000:00:14.0/usb4/4-2/4-2:1.0':
KERNELS=="4-2:1.0"
SUBSYSTEMS=="usb"
DRIVERS=="uas"
ATTRS{authorized}=="1"
ATTRS{bAlternateSetting}==" 1"
ATTRS{bInterfaceClass}=="08"
ATTRS{bInterfaceNumber}=="00"
ATTRS{bInterfaceProtocol}=="62"
ATTRS{bInterfaceSubClass}=="06"
ATTRS{bNumEndpoints}=="04"
ATTRS{supports_autosuspend}=="0"
looking at parent device '/devices/pci0000:00/0000:00:14.0/usb4/4-2':
KERNELS=="4-2"
SUBSYSTEMS=="usb"
DRIVERS=="usb"
ATTRS{authorized}=="1"
ATTRS{avoid_reset_quirk}=="0"
ATTRS{bConfigurationValue}=="1"
ATTRS{bDeviceClass}=="00"
ATTRS{bDeviceProtocol}=="00"
ATTRS{bDeviceSubClass}=="00"
ATTRS{bMaxPacketSize0}=="9"
ATTRS{bMaxPower}=="144mA"
ATTRS{bNumConfigurations}=="1"
ATTRS{bNumInterfaces}==" 1"
ATTRS{bcdDevice}=="0100"
ATTRS{bmAttributes}=="80"
ATTRS{busnum}=="4"
ATTRS{configuration}==""
ATTRS{devnum}=="2"
ATTRS{devpath}=="2"
ATTRS{idProduct}=="ab24"
ATTRS{idVendor}=="0bc2"
ATTRS{ltm_capable}=="no"
ATTRS{manufacturer}=="Seagate"
ATTRS{maxchild}=="0"
ATTRS{product}=="BUP Slim BK"
ATTRS{quirks}=="0x0"
ATTRS{removable}=="removable"
ATTRS{serial}=="NA7K016V"
ATTRS{speed}=="5000"
ATTRS{urbnum}=="371"
ATTRS{version}==" 3.00"
looking at parent device '/devices/pci0000:00/0000:00:14.0/usb4':
KERNELS=="usb4"
SUBSYSTEMS=="usb"
DRIVERS=="usb"
ATTRS{authorized}=="1"
ATTRS{authorized_default}=="1"
ATTRS{avoid_reset_quirk}=="0"
ATTRS{bConfigurationValue}=="1"
ATTRS{bDeviceClass}=="09"
ATTRS{bDeviceProtocol}=="03"
ATTRS{bDeviceSubClass}=="00"
ATTRS{bMaxPacketSize0}=="9"
ATTRS{bMaxPower}=="0mA"
ATTRS{bNumConfigurations}=="1"
ATTRS{bNumInterfaces}==" 1"
ATTRS{bcdDevice}=="0406"
ATTRS{bmAttributes}=="e0"
ATTRS{busnum}=="4"
ATTRS{configuration}==""
ATTRS{devnum}=="1"
ATTRS{devpath}=="0"
ATTRS{idProduct}=="0003"
ATTRS{idVendor}=="1d6b"
ATTRS{interface_authorized_default}=="1"
ATTRS{ltm_capable}=="no"
ATTRS{manufacturer}=="Linux 4.6.0-1-amd64 xhci-hcd"
ATTRS{maxchild}=="4"
ATTRS{product}=="xHCI Host Controller"
ATTRS{quirks}=="0x0"
ATTRS{removable}=="unknown"
ATTRS{serial}=="0000:00:14.0"
ATTRS{speed}=="5000"
ATTRS{urbnum}=="47"
ATTRS{version}==" 3.00"
looking at parent device '/devices/pci0000:00/0000:00:14.0':
KERNELS=="0000:00:14.0"
SUBSYSTEMS=="pci"
DRIVERS=="xhci_hcd"
ATTRS{broken_parity_status}=="0"
ATTRS{class}=="0x0c0330"
ATTRS{consistent_dma_mask_bits}=="64"
ATTRS{d3cold_allowed}=="1"
ATTRS{device}=="0x1e31"
ATTRS{dma_mask_bits}=="64"
ATTRS{driver_override}=="(null)"
ATTRS{enable}=="1"
ATTRS{irq}=="29"
ATTRS{local_cpulist}=="0-3"
ATTRS{local_cpus}=="0f"
ATTRS{msi_bus}=="1"
ATTRS{numa_node}=="-1"
ATTRS{subsystem_device}=="0x1949"
ATTRS{subsystem_vendor}=="0x103c"
ATTRS{vendor}=="0x8086"
looking at parent device '/devices/pci0000:00':
KERNELS=="pci0000:00"
SUBSYSTEMS==""
DRIVERS==""
# udevadm info -a -p /sys/block/sdb on booted system
Udevadm info starts with the device specified by the devpath and then
walks up the chain of parent devices. It prints for every device
found, all possible attributes in the udev rules key format.
A rule to match, can be composed by the attributes of the device
and the attributes from one single parent device.
looking at device '/devices/pci0000:00/0000:00:14.0/usb4/4-2/4-2:1.0/host6/target6:0:0/6:0:0:0/block/sdb':
KERNEL=="sdb"
SUBSYSTEM=="block"
DRIVER==""
ATTR{alignment_offset}=="0"
ATTR{badblocks}==""
ATTR{capability}=="50"
ATTR{discard_alignment}=="0"
ATTR{events}==""
ATTR{events_async}==""
ATTR{events_poll_msecs}=="-1"
ATTR{ext_range}=="256"
ATTR{inflight}==" 0 0"
ATTR{range}=="16"
ATTR{removable}=="0"
ATTR{ro}=="0"
ATTR{size}=="1953525167"
ATTR{stat}==" 72 0 4254 328 0 0 0 0 0 272 328"
looking at parent device '/devices/pci0000:00/0000:00:14.0/usb4/4-2/4-2:1.0/host6/target6:0:0/6:0:0:0':
KERNELS=="6:0:0:0"
SUBSYSTEMS=="scsi"
DRIVERS=="sd"
ATTRS{device_blocked}=="0"
ATTRS{device_busy}=="0"
ATTRS{dh_state}=="detached"
ATTRS{eh_timeout}=="10"
ATTRS{evt_capacity_change_reported}=="0"
ATTRS{evt_inquiry_change_reported}=="0"
ATTRS{evt_lun_change_reported}=="0"
ATTRS{evt_media_change}=="0"
ATTRS{evt_mode_parameter_change_reported}=="0"
ATTRS{evt_soft_threshold_reached}=="0"
ATTRS{inquiry}==""
ATTRS{iocounterbits}=="32"
ATTRS{iodone_cnt}=="0xd1"
ATTRS{ioerr_cnt}=="0x48"
ATTRS{iorequest_cnt}=="0xd1"
ATTRS{model}=="BUP Slim BK "
ATTRS{queue_depth}=="30"
ATTRS{queue_type}=="simple"
ATTRS{rev}=="0302"
ATTRS{scsi_level}=="7"
ATTRS{state}=="running"
ATTRS{timeout}=="30"
ATTRS{type}=="0"
ATTRS{vendor}=="Seagate "
ATTRS{vpd_pg80}==""
ATTRS{vpd_pg83}==""
ATTRS{wwid}=="naa.5000000000000001"
looking at parent device '/devices/pci0000:00/0000:00:14.0/usb4/4-2/4-2:1.0/host6/target6:0:0':
KERNELS=="target6:0:0"
SUBSYSTEMS=="scsi"
DRIVERS==""
looking at parent device '/devices/pci0000:00/0000:00:14.0/usb4/4-2/4-2:1.0/host6':
KERNELS=="host6"
SUBSYSTEMS=="scsi"
DRIVERS==""
looking at parent device '/devices/pci0000:00/0000:00:14.0/usb4/4-2/4-2:1.0':
KERNELS=="4-2:1.0"
SUBSYSTEMS=="usb"
DRIVERS=="uas"
ATTRS{authorized}=="1"
ATTRS{bAlternateSetting}==" 1"
ATTRS{bInterfaceClass}=="08"
ATTRS{bInterfaceNumber}=="00"
ATTRS{bInterfaceProtocol}=="62"
ATTRS{bInterfaceSubClass}=="06"
ATTRS{bNumEndpoints}=="04"
ATTRS{supports_autosuspend}=="0"
looking at parent device '/devices/pci0000:00/0000:00:14.0/usb4/4-2':
KERNELS=="4-2"
SUBSYSTEMS=="usb"
DRIVERS=="usb"
ATTRS{authorized}=="1"
ATTRS{avoid_reset_quirk}=="0"
ATTRS{bConfigurationValue}=="1"
ATTRS{bDeviceClass}=="00"
ATTRS{bDeviceProtocol}=="00"
ATTRS{bDeviceSubClass}=="00"
ATTRS{bMaxPacketSize0}=="9"
ATTRS{bMaxPower}=="144mA"
ATTRS{bNumConfigurations}=="1"
ATTRS{bNumInterfaces}==" 1"
ATTRS{bcdDevice}=="0100"
ATTRS{bmAttributes}=="80"
ATTRS{busnum}=="4"
ATTRS{configuration}==""
ATTRS{devnum}=="2"
ATTRS{devpath}=="2"
ATTRS{idProduct}=="ab24"
ATTRS{idVendor}=="0bc2"
ATTRS{ltm_capable}=="no"
ATTRS{manufacturer}=="Seagate"
ATTRS{maxchild}=="0"
ATTRS{product}=="BUP Slim BK"
ATTRS{quirks}=="0x0"
ATTRS{removable}=="removable"
ATTRS{serial}=="NA7K016V"
ATTRS{speed}=="5000"
ATTRS{urbnum}=="592"
ATTRS{version}==" 3.00"
looking at parent device '/devices/pci0000:00/0000:00:14.0/usb4':
KERNELS=="usb4"
SUBSYSTEMS=="usb"
DRIVERS=="usb"
ATTRS{authorized}=="1"
ATTRS{authorized_default}=="1"
ATTRS{avoid_reset_quirk}=="0"
ATTRS{bConfigurationValue}=="1"
ATTRS{bDeviceClass}=="09"
ATTRS{bDeviceProtocol}=="03"
ATTRS{bDeviceSubClass}=="00"
ATTRS{bMaxPacketSize0}=="9"
ATTRS{bMaxPower}=="0mA"
ATTRS{bNumConfigurations}=="1"
ATTRS{bNumInterfaces}==" 1"
ATTRS{bcdDevice}=="0406"
ATTRS{bmAttributes}=="e0"
ATTRS{busnum}=="4"
ATTRS{configuration}==""
ATTRS{devnum}=="1"
ATTRS{devpath}=="0"
ATTRS{idProduct}=="0003"
ATTRS{idVendor}=="1d6b"
ATTRS{interface_authorized_default}=="1"
ATTRS{ltm_capable}=="no"
ATTRS{manufacturer}=="Linux 4.6.0-1-amd64 xhci-hcd"
ATTRS{maxchild}=="4"
ATTRS{product}=="xHCI Host Controller"
ATTRS{quirks}=="0x0"
ATTRS{removable}=="unknown"
ATTRS{serial}=="0000:00:14.0"
ATTRS{speed}=="5000"
ATTRS{urbnum}=="47"
ATTRS{version}==" 3.00"
looking at parent device '/devices/pci0000:00/0000:00:14.0':
KERNELS=="0000:00:14.0"
SUBSYSTEMS=="pci"
DRIVERS=="xhci_hcd"
ATTRS{broken_parity_status}=="0"
ATTRS{class}=="0x0c0330"
ATTRS{consistent_dma_mask_bits}=="64"
ATTRS{d3cold_allowed}=="1"
ATTRS{device}=="0x1e31"
ATTRS{dma_mask_bits}=="64"
ATTRS{driver_override}=="(null)"
ATTRS{enable}=="1"
ATTRS{irq}=="29"
ATTRS{local_cpulist}=="0-3"
ATTRS{local_cpus}=="0f"
ATTRS{msi_bus}=="1"
ATTRS{numa_node}=="-1"
ATTRS{subsystem_device}=="0x1949"
ATTRS{subsystem_vendor}=="0x103c"
ATTRS{vendor}=="0x8086"
looking at parent device '/devices/pci0000:00':
KERNELS=="pci0000:00"
SUBSYSTEMS==""
DRIVERS==""
# /etc/udev/udev.conf (the same on booted system and in initramfs)
# see udev.conf(5) for details
#
# udevd is started in the initramfs, so when this file is modified the
# initramfs should be rebuilt.
#udev_log="info"
我将磁盘插入计算机上的 USB 3 或 USB 2 端口都没有关系。
在 initramfs 初始化之前插入的 USB2 设备被正确识别和解决。我没有任何其他 USB 3 设备来验证它是否也会受到影响。但是，我可以在我朋友的计算机（使用 Ubuntu 16.04）上尝试使用此磁盘 - 它已解决并在/dev/启动后可用。
我是通过 initramfs-tools 还是 dracut 生成 initramfs 都没有关系。
/dev/sdb*即使在启动前插入电缆，我如何确保与此 HDD 相关的内容在完全启动的系统中可用？
好吧，这是一个疯狂的猜测和解决方法（而不是对问题的正确理解），但它应该有效。
例如，创建一个udev规则文件，/etc/udev/rules.d/z30-seagate-disk.rules并添加以下规则：
ATTRS{manufacturer}=="Seagate", ATTRS{product}=="BUP Slim BK", SYMLINK+="seagate"
这应该强制udev进行第二次传递并将磁盘添加为/dev/seagate块设备。您还需要将该文件添加到FILES变量中/etc/mkinitcpio.conf，以便它进入initramfs. （并运行mkinitcpio -p linux重建initramfs）
免责声明：在 Arch 上测试，未在 Debian 上测试，且未使用 USB 3.0。
另一种解决方法是强制uas(USB SCSI) 始终由内核加载。添加到文件中并说出/etc/modules-load.d/seagate-disk.conf模块名称：
uas
usb_storage
usbcore
scsi_mod
usb_common
理论上只uas需要，但我无法复制您的问题，因此我会尝试暴力破解管理 USB HDD 所需的一切。再次将该文件添加到FILESin中/etc/mkinitcpio.conf。
这将强制内核uas始终加载。也许在udev通过总线运行时，它错误地假设 USB 集线器/总线没有加载任何东西，因为内核没有加载 USB 模块。
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