为什么 rmdir 和 unlink 两个单独的系统调用？

Question

这是让我想知道一段时间的事情：

[15:40:50][/tmp]$ mkdir a
[15:40:52][/tmp]$ strace rmdir a
execve("/usr/bin/rmdir", ["rmdir", "a"], [/* 78 vars */]) = 0
brk(0)                                  = 0x11bb000
mmap(NULL, 4096, PROT_READ|PROT_WRITE, MAP_PRIVATE|MAP_ANONYMOUS, -1, 0) = 0x7ff3772c3000
access("/etc/ld.so.preload", R_OK)      = -1 ENOENT (No such file or directory)
open("/etc/ld.so.cache", O_RDONLY|O_CLOEXEC) = 3
fstat(3, {st_mode=S_IFREG|0644, st_size=245801, ...}) = 0
mmap(NULL, 245801, PROT_READ, MAP_PRIVATE, 3, 0) = 0x7ff377286000
close(3)                                = 0
open("/lib64/libc.so.6", O_RDONLY|O_CLOEXEC) = 3
read(3, "\177ELF\2\1\1\3\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\3\0>\0\1\0\0\0p\36\3428<\0\0\0"..., 832) = 832
fstat(3, {st_mode=S_IFREG|0755, st_size=2100672, ...}) = 0
mmap(0x3c38e00000, 3924576, PROT_READ|PROT_EXEC, MAP_PRIVATE|MAP_DENYWRITE, 3, 0) = 0x3c38e00000
mprotect(0x3c38fb4000, 2097152, PROT_NONE) = 0
mmap(0x3c391b4000, 24576, PROT_READ|PROT_WRITE, MAP_PRIVATE|MAP_FIXED|MAP_DENYWRITE, 3, 0x1b4000) = 0x3c391b4000
mmap(0x3c391ba000, 16992, PROT_READ|PROT_WRITE, MAP_PRIVATE|MAP_FIXED|MAP_ANONYMOUS, -1, 0) = 0x3c391ba000
close(3)                                = 0
mmap(NULL, 4096, PROT_READ|PROT_WRITE, MAP_PRIVATE|MAP_ANONYMOUS, -1, 0) = 0x7ff377285000
mmap(NULL, 8192, PROT_READ|PROT_WRITE, MAP_PRIVATE|MAP_ANONYMOUS, -1, 0) = 0x7ff377283000
arch_prctl(ARCH_SET_FS, 0x7ff377283740) = 0
mprotect(0x609000, 4096, PROT_READ)     = 0
mprotect(0x3c391b4000, 16384, PROT_READ) = 0
mprotect(0x3c38c1f000, 4096, PROT_READ) = 0
munmap(0x7ff377286000, 245801)          = 0
brk(0)                                  = 0x11bb000
brk(0x11dc000)                          = 0x11dc000
brk(0)                                  = 0x11dc000
open("/usr/lib/locale/locale-archive", O_RDONLY|O_CLOEXEC) = 3
fstat(3, {st_mode=S_IFREG|0644, st_size=106070960, ...}) = 0
mmap(NULL, 106070960, PROT_READ, MAP_PRIVATE, 3, 0) = 0x7ff370d5a000
close(3)                                = 0
rmdir("a")                              = 0
close(1)                                = 0
close(2)                                = 0
exit_group(0)                           = ?
+++ exited with 0 +++
[15:40:55][/tmp]$ touch a
[15:41:16][/tmp]$ strace rm a
execve("/usr/bin/rm", ["rm", "a"], [/* 78 vars */]) = 0
brk(0)                                  = 0xfa8000
mmap(NULL, 4096, PROT_READ|PROT_WRITE, MAP_PRIVATE|MAP_ANONYMOUS, -1, 0) = 0x7f3b2388a000
access("/etc/ld.so.preload", R_OK)      = -1 ENOENT (No such file or directory)
open("/etc/ld.so.cache", O_RDONLY|O_CLOEXEC) = 3
fstat(3, {st_mode=S_IFREG|0644, st_size=245801, ...}) = 0
mmap(NULL, 245801, PROT_READ, MAP_PRIVATE, 3, 0) = 0x7f3b2384d000
close(3)                                = 0
open("/lib64/libc.so.6", O_RDONLY|O_CLOEXEC) = 3
read(3, "\177ELF\2\1\1\3\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\3\0>\0\1\0\0\0p\36\3428<\0\0\0"..., 832) = 832
fstat(3, {st_mode=S_IFREG|0755, st_size=2100672, ...}) = 0
mmap(0x3c38e00000, 3924576, PROT_READ|PROT_EXEC, MAP_PRIVATE|MAP_DENYWRITE, 3, 0) = 0x3c38e00000
mprotect(0x3c38fb4000, 2097152, PROT_NONE) = 0
mmap(0x3c391b4000, 24576, PROT_READ|PROT_WRITE, MAP_PRIVATE|MAP_FIXED|MAP_DENYWRITE, 3, 0x1b4000) = 0x3c391b4000
mmap(0x3c391ba000, 16992, PROT_READ|PROT_WRITE, MAP_PRIVATE|MAP_FIXED|MAP_ANONYMOUS, -1, 0) = 0x3c391ba000
close(3)                                = 0
mmap(NULL, 4096, PROT_READ|PROT_WRITE, MAP_PRIVATE|MAP_ANONYMOUS, -1, 0) = 0x7f3b2384c000
mmap(NULL, 8192, PROT_READ|PROT_WRITE, MAP_PRIVATE|MAP_ANONYMOUS, -1, 0) = 0x7f3b2384a000
arch_prctl(ARCH_SET_FS, 0x7f3b2384a740) = 0
mprotect(0x60d000, 4096, PROT_READ)     = 0
mprotect(0x3c391b4000, 16384, PROT_READ) = 0
mprotect(0x3c38c1f000, 4096, PROT_READ) = 0
munmap(0x7f3b2384d000, 245801)          = 0
brk(0)                                  = 0xfa8000
brk(0xfc9000)                           = 0xfc9000
brk(0)                                  = 0xfc9000
open("/usr/lib/locale/locale-archive", O_RDONLY|O_CLOEXEC) = 3
fstat(3, {st_mode=S_IFREG|0644, st_size=106070960, ...}) = 0
mmap(NULL, 106070960, PROT_READ, MAP_PRIVATE, 3, 0) = 0x7f3b1d321000
close(3)                                = 0
ioctl(0, SNDCTL_TMR_TIMEBASE or SNDRV_TIMER_IOCTL_NEXT_DEVICE or TCGETS, {B38400 opost isig icanon echo ...}) = 0
newfstatat(AT_FDCWD, "a", {st_mode=S_IFREG|0664, st_size=0, ...}, AT_SYMLINK_NOFOLLOW) = 0
geteuid()                               = 1000
newfstatat(AT_FDCWD, "a", {st_mode=S_IFREG|0664, st_size=0, ...}, AT_SYMLINK_NOFOLLOW) = 0
faccessat(AT_FDCWD, "a", W_OK)          = 0
unlinkat(AT_FDCWD, "a", 0)              = 0
lseek(0, 0, SEEK_CUR)                   = -1 ESPIPE (Illegal seek)
close(0)                                = 0
close(1)                                = 0
close(2)                                = 0
exit_group(0)                           = ?
+++ exited with 0 +++

为什么有单独的系统调用来删除目录和文件？为什么这两个操作在语义上是不同的？

Answer 1

目录的特殊性在于，在一个目录中，您可以引用多个文件和目录，因此，如果删除父目录，所有这些文件都将失去可以访问它们的参考点，与 process 相同。对于这种情况，rmdir()有不同的检查，不同于unlink()：

• 如果目录不为空。如果目录不为空，则在内容被unlink“删除/删除”之前无法删除它。

     ENOTEMPTY
        pathname contains entries other than . and .. ; or, pathname has
        ..  as its final component.  POSIX.1-2001 also allows EEXIST for
        this condition.
  

• 如果目录正在使用中。如果进程丢失其当前目录，则可能会导致问题和未定义的行为。最好是防止它们。

     EBUSY  pathname  is currently in use by the system or some process that
        prevents its removal.  On Linux this means pathname is currently
        used  as  a  mount point or is the root directory of the calling
        process.
  

在unlink()这些检查的情况下不存在。事实上，您可以删除文件名，unlink()并且仍在使用/引用它的进程可以毫无问题地修改它。该文件存在直到文件描述符存在，新进程无法访问（除非您知道在哪里搜索）。这是*NIX 文件系统彩虹色手魔法的一部分。

现在，有unlinkat()两者兼而有之，unlink()或者rmdir(2)取决于您期望的路径。