如何在 Ubuntu 上撤消或回滚“apt-get upgrade”命令？

Question

apt-get upgrade如果您不喜欢结果，在 Ubuntu 中有没有办法在执行完后回滚或撤消上次升级？

Answer 1

我今天必须在我的 Debian 系统上执行此操作。首先，我确定了违规升级发生的时间范围，并检索了提供升级包的新旧版本号的日志条目：

$ awk '$1=="2016-03-20" && $3=="upgrade"' /var/log/dpkg.log
2016-03-20 16:58:22 upgrade libwebkitgtk-3.0-0:amd64 2.4.9-3 2.4.10-1
2016-03-20 16:58:24 upgrade libjavascriptcoregtk-3.0-0:amd64 2.4.9-3 2.4.10-1
2016-03-20 16:58:26 upgrade traceroute:amd64 1:2.0.22-1 1:2.1.0-1
2016-03-20 16:58:33 upgrade ethtool:amd64 1:4.2-1 1:4.5-1
2016-03-20 16:58:34 upgrade libsdl1.2debian:amd64 1.2.15+dfsg1-3 1.2.15+dfsg1-4
2016-03-20 16:58:34 upgrade subversion:amd64 1.9.3-2+b1 1.9.3-3
2016-03-20 16:58:36 upgrade libsvn1:amd64 1.9.3-2+b1 1.9.3-3
2016-03-20 16:58:56 upgrade linux-image-amd64:amd64 4.3+70 4.4+71
2016-03-20 16:58:56 upgrade linux-libc-dev:amd64 4.3.5-1 4.4.6-1
2016-03-20 16:59:03 upgrade amd64-microcode:amd64 2.20141028.1 2.20160316.1

接下来，我尝试在磁盘上找到仍然缓存的包文件（幸运的是我没有运行 autoclean）：

$ awk '$1=="2016-03-20" && $3=="upgrade" {gsub(/:/, "%3a", $5); split($4, f, ":"); print "/var/cache/apt/archives/" f[1] "_" $5 "_" f[2] ".deb"}' /var/log/dpkg.log | xargs -r ls -ld
ls: cannot access '/var/cache/apt/archives/ethtool_1%3a4.2-1_amd64.deb': No such file or directory
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root   28820 Dec 18  2014 /var/cache/apt/archives/amd64-microcode_2.20141028.1_amd64.deb
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 1978874 Dec 10 18:22 /var/cache/apt/archives/libjavascriptcoregtk-3.0-0_2.4.9-3_amd64.deb
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root  185006 Mar 12 00:41 /var/cache/apt/archives/libsdl1.2debian_1.2.15+dfsg1-3_amd64.deb
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 1317644 Mar  3 11:30 /var/cache/apt/archives/libsvn1_1.9.3-2+b1_amd64.deb
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 7679400 Dec 10 18:22 /var/cache/apt/archives/libwebkitgtk-3.0-0_2.4.9-3_amd64.deb
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root    6108 Dec 14 06:59 /var/cache/apt/archives/linux-image-amd64_4.3+70_amd64.deb
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 1075506 Feb  7 21:36 /var/cache/apt/archives/linux-libc-dev_4.3.5-1_amd64.deb
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root  983174 Mar  3 11:30 /var/cache/apt/archives/subversion_1.9.3-2+b1_amd64.deb
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root   53376 Feb 28 18:35 /var/cache/apt/archives/traceroute_1%3a2.0.22-1_amd64.deb

由于某种原因，我似乎没有旧的 ethtool 软件包。尽管如此，让我们继续强制安装旧的包文件：

$ sudo dpkg -i /var/cache/apt/archives/amd64-microcode_2.20141028.1_amd64.deb /var/cache/apt/archives/libjavascriptcoregtk-3.0-0_2.4.9-3_amd64.deb /var/cache/apt/archives/libsdl1.2debian_1.2.15+dfsg1-3_amd64.deb /var/cache/apt/archives/libsvn1_1.9.3-2+b1_amd64.deb /var/cache/apt/archives/libwebkitgtk-3.0-0_2.4.9-3_amd64.deb /var/cache/apt/archives/linux-image-amd64_4.3+70_amd64.deb /var/cache/apt/archives/linux-libc-dev_4.3.5-1_amd64.deb /var/cache/apt/archives/subversion_1.9.3-2+b1_amd64.deb /var/cache/apt/archives/traceroute_1%3a2.0.22-1_amd64.deb
dpkg: warning: downgrading amd64-microcode from 2.20160316.1 to 2.20141028.1
(Reading database ... 139632 files and directories currently installed.)
Preparing to unpack .../amd64-microcode_2.20141028.1_amd64.deb ...
Unpacking amd64-microcode (2.20141028.1) over (2.20160316.1) ...
dpkg: warning: downgrading libjavascriptcoregtk-3.0-0:amd64 from 2.4.10-1 to 2.4.9-3
Preparing to unpack .../libjavascriptcoregtk-3.0-0_2.4.9-3_amd64.deb ...
Unpacking libjavascriptcoregtk-3.0-0:amd64 (2.4.9-3) over (2.4.10-1) ...
dpkg: warning: downgrading libsdl1.2debian:amd64 from 1.2.15+dfsg1-4 to 1.2.15+dfsg1-3
Preparing to unpack .../libsdl1.2debian_1.2.15+dfsg1-3_amd64.deb ...
Unpacking libsdl1.2debian:amd64 (1.2.15+dfsg1-3) over (1.2.15+dfsg1-4) ...
dpkg: warning: downgrading libsvn1:amd64 from 1.9.3-3 to 1.9.3-2+b1
Preparing to unpack .../libsvn1_1.9.3-2+b1_amd64.deb ...
Unpacking libsvn1:amd64 (1.9.3-2+b1) over (1.9.3-3) ...
Preparing to unpack .../libwebkitgtk-3.0-0_2.4.9-3_amd64.deb ...
Unpacking libwebkitgtk-3.0-0:amd64 (2.4.9-3) over (2.4.9-3) ...
dpkg: warning: downgrading linux-image-amd64 from 4.4+71 to 4.3+70
Preparing to unpack .../linux-image-amd64_4.3+70_amd64.deb ...
Unpacking linux-image-amd64 (4.3+70) over (4.4+71) ...
dpkg: warning: downgrading linux-libc-dev:amd64 from 4.4.6-1 to 4.3.5-1
Preparing to unpack .../linux-libc-dev_4.3.5-1_amd64.deb ...
Unpacking linux-libc-dev:amd64 (4.3.5-1) over (4.4.6-1) ...
dpkg: warning: downgrading subversion from 1.9.3-3 to 1.9.3-2+b1
Preparing to unpack .../subversion_1.9.3-2+b1_amd64.deb ...
Unpacking subversion (1.9.3-2+b1) over (1.9.3-3) ...
dpkg: warning: downgrading traceroute from 1:2.1.0-1 to 1:2.0.22-1
Preparing to unpack .../traceroute_1%3a2.0.22-1_amd64.deb ...
Unpacking traceroute (1:2.0.22-1) over (1:2.1.0-1) ...
Setting up amd64-microcode (2.20141028.1) ...
update-initramfs: deferring update (trigger activated)
amd64-microcode: microcode will be updated at next boot
Setting up libjavascriptcoregtk-3.0-0:amd64 (2.4.9-3) ...
Setting up libsdl1.2debian:amd64 (1.2.15+dfsg1-3) ...
Setting up libsvn1:amd64 (1.9.3-2+b1) ...
dpkg: dependency problems prevent configuration of libwebkitgtk-3.0-0:amd64:
 libwebkitgtk-3.0-0:amd64 depends on libwebkitgtk-3.0-common (>= 2.4.9); however:
  Package libwebkitgtk-3.0-common is not installed.

dpkg: error processing package libwebkitgtk-3.0-0:amd64 (--install):
 dependency problems - leaving unconfigured
Setting up linux-image-amd64 (4.3+70) ...
Setting up linux-libc-dev:amd64 (4.3.5-1) ...
Setting up subversion (1.9.3-2+b1) ...
Setting up traceroute (1:2.0.22-1) ...
update-alternatives: using /usr/bin/traceroute.db to provide /usr/bin/traceroute (traceroute) in auto mode
update-alternatives: using /usr/bin/lft.db to provide /usr/bin/lft (lft) in auto mode
update-alternatives: using /usr/bin/traceproto.db to provide /usr/bin/traceproto (traceproto) in auto mode
update-alternatives: using /usr/sbin/tcptraceroute.db to provide /usr/sbin/tcptraceroute (tcptraceroute) in auto mode
Processing triggers for libc-bin (2.22-3) ...
Processing triggers for man-db (2.7.5-1) ...
Processing triggers for initramfs-tools (0.123) ...
update-initramfs: Generating /boot/initrd.img-4.4.0-1-amd64
Errors were encountered while processing:
 libwebkitgtk-3.0-0:amd64

正如错误消息所说，我的一个包在升级之前依赖于 -common 包，但升级将其删除（并且 apt-get 无法再找到它）。幸运的是，它的包文件仍在 /var/cache/apt 中，所以我可以将它添加到列表中并重试：

$ ls -ld /var/cache/apt/archives/libwebkitgtk-3.0-common*
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 452278 Dec 10 18:22 /var/cache/apt/archives/libwebkitgtk-3.0-common_2.4.9-3_all.deb
$ sudo dpkg -i /var/cache/apt/archives/amd64-microcode_2.20141028.1_amd64.deb /var/cache/apt/archives/libjavascriptcoregtk-3.0-0_2.4.9-3_amd64.deb /var/cache/apt/archives/libsdl1.2debian_1.2.15+dfsg1-3_amd64.deb /var/cache/apt/archives/libsvn1_1.9.3-2+b1_amd64.deb /var/cache/apt/archives/libwebkitgtk-3.0-0_2.4.9-3_amd64.deb /var/cache/apt/archives/linux-image-amd64_4.3+70_amd64.deb /var/cache/apt/archives/linux-libc-dev_4.3.5-1_amd64.deb /var/cache/apt/archives/subversion_1.9.3-2+b1_amd64.deb /var/cache/apt/archives/traceroute_1%3a2.0.22-1_amd64.deb /var/cache/apt/archives/libwebkitgtk-3.0-common_2.4.9-3_all.deb
(Reading database ... 139632 files and directories currently installed.)
Preparing to unpack .../amd64-microcode_2.20141028.1_amd64.deb ...
Unpacking amd64-microcode (2.20141028.1) over (2.20141028.1) ...
Preparing to unpack .../libjavascriptcoregtk-3.0-0_2.4.9-3_amd64.deb ...
Unpacking libjavascriptcoregtk-3.0-0:amd64 (2.4.9-3) over (2.4.9-3) ...
Preparing to unpack .../libsdl1.2debian_1.2.15+dfsg1-3_amd64.deb ...
Unpacking libsdl1.2debian:amd64 (1.2.15+dfsg1-3) over (1.2.15+dfsg1-3) ...
Preparing to unpack .../libsvn1_1.9.3-2+b1_amd64.deb ...
Unpacking libsvn1:amd64 (1.9.3-2+b1) over (1.9.3-2+b1) ...
Preparing to unpack .../libwebkitgtk-3.0-0_2.4.9-3_amd64.deb ...
Unpacking libwebkitgtk-3.0-0:amd64 (2.4.9-3) over (2.4.9-3) ...
Preparing to unpack .../linux-image-amd64_4.3+70_amd64.deb ...
Unpacking linux-image-amd64 (4.3+70) over (4.3+70) ...
Preparing to unpack .../linux-libc-dev_4.3.5-1_amd64.deb ...
Unpacking linux-libc-dev:amd64 (4.3.5-1) over (4.3.5-1) ...
Preparing to unpack .../subversion_1.9.3-2+b1_amd64.deb ...
Unpacking subversion (1.9.3-2+b1) over (1.9.3-2+b1) ...
Preparing to unpack .../traceroute_1%3a2.0.22-1_amd64.deb ...
Unpacking traceroute (1:2.0.22-1) over (1:2.0.22-1) ...
Selecting previously unselected package libwebkitgtk-3.0-common.
Preparing to unpack .../libwebkitgtk-3.0-common_2.4.9-3_all.deb ...
Unpacking libwebkitgtk-3.0-common (2.4.9-3) ...
Setting up amd64-microcode (2.20141028.1) ...
update-initramfs: deferring update (trigger activated)
amd64-microcode: microcode will be updated at next boot
Setting up libjavascriptcoregtk-3.0-0:amd64 (2.4.9-3) ...
Setting up libsdl1.2debian:amd64 (1.2.15+dfsg1-3) ...
Setting up libsvn1:amd64 (1.9.3-2+b1) ...
Setting up linux-image-amd64 (4.3+70) ...
Setting up linux-libc-dev:amd64 (4.3.5-1) ...
Setting up subversion (1.9.3-2+b1) ...
Setting up traceroute (1:2.0.22-1) ...
update-alternatives: using /usr/bin/traceroute.db to provide /usr/bin/traceroute (traceroute) in auto mode
update-alternatives: using /usr/bin/lft.db to provide /usr/bin/lft (lft) in auto mode
update-alternatives: using /usr/bin/traceproto.db to provide /usr/bin/traceproto (traceproto) in auto mode
update-alternatives: using /usr/sbin/tcptraceroute.db to provide /usr/sbin/tcptraceroute (tcptraceroute) in auto mode
Setting up libwebkitgtk-3.0-common (2.4.9-3) ...
Setting up libwebkitgtk-3.0-0:amd64 (2.4.9-3) ...
Processing triggers for libc-bin (2.22-3) ...
Processing triggers for man-db (2.7.5-1) ...
Processing triggers for initramfs-tools (0.123) ...
update-initramfs: Generating /boot/initrd.img-4.4.0-1-amd64

成功！其实这并没有解决我的问题。但它成功降级了包，QED。

Answer 2

aptitude根据Debian 软件包管理，您可以访问软件包的所有版本（如果可用）。

Answer 3

我遇到了 Hartman 的 Blogstatic 博客：如何在 Ubuntu Lucid 中撤消更新

撤销违规更新的第一步是找出它到底是什么更新。在搜索了一些论坛后，我找到了一种查看更新历史的方法：打开突触包管理器（终端中的“sudo synaptic”）。从菜单栏中，单击文件 -> 历史记录，您将看到按日期排序的所有更新。

不幸的是，我今天安装了大约 20 个更新，我不知道是哪个导致了问题。通过搜索历史记录列表中指定的每个包，我能够一次降级几个，直到问题得到解决并确定有问题的更新。去做这个：

使用搜索栏查找要降级的软件包。找到所需的内容后，单击包以选择它。从菜单栏中，单击包 -> 强制版本并从下拉菜单中选择包的先前版本。单击“应用”按钮应用降级。

Answer 4

我今天还必须在几台 Debian 服务器上撤消软件包升级。我使用 aptitude 成功地将软件包恢复到最新版本，而以下 awk 命令非常有用。

（在下面的命令中，将日期字符串替换为您要恢复升级的日期）

awk 'BEGIN{ start="0" } { if($0 ~ /Log started: 2017-06-20/) { start="1"} if ( start == "1" && $0 ~ /Unpacking.*over/) {gsub(/[\s\t)( ]+/,"",$5); printf("%s=%s ", $2 , $5)}}' /var/log/apt/term.log

查看输出以验证这些是要还原的包和版本。然后使用 apt 或 aptitude 对列出的软件包进行降级：

apt-get install [paste output here]

或者

aptitude install [paste output here]

我希望这对其他人来说也是一种有用的节省时间。

Answer 5

我相信不会，除了对相关文件系统（包含/、/bin、/lib、/sbin、/usr、/var、/etc和/boot（可能都在文件系统上）和引导记录进行完整备份）以便您可以在之后回滚机器之外。