/dev/sda1 不是 /dev/sda 的子集？

Question

我的分区表的第一个条目是：

$ sudo hexdump -Cv -n 16 -s 446 /dev/sda
000001be  80 01 01 00 83 fe ff ff  3f 00 00 00 81 1c 20 03  |........?..... .|

（-Cv描述输出格式，-n 16要求 16 个字节，-s 446跳过前 446 个字节）
你可以看到我的第一个分区是一个主要的 Linux 分区，这个分区从扇区 63 开始（参见例如 [这里][1]为分区表的结构）。
然后我希望除了前 63 个扇区和其他分区外，/dev/sda1 和 /dev/sda 完全相同。

但事实并非如此，/dev/sda1 的扇区 #2 与 /dev/sda 的扇区 #65 并不完全相同（但它们非常相似，只有 16 个字节不同）：

$ sudo hexdump -Cv -n 512 -s 65b /dev/sda
00008200  00 20 19 00 90 03 64 00  2d 00 05 00 5a 2f 56 00  |. ....d.-...Z/V.|
00008210  b6 b1 16 00 00 00 00 00  02 00 00 00 02 00 00 00  |................|
00008220  00 80 00 00 00 80 00 00  00 20 00 00 d8 38 ee 4c  |......... ...8.L|
00008230  9a 01 ef 4c 05 00 24 00  53 ef 01 00 01 00 00 00  |...L..$.S.......|
00008240  59 23 e9 4c 00 4e ed 00  00 00 00 00 01 00 00 00  |Y#.L.N..........|
00008250  00 00 00 00 0b 00 00 00  00 01 00 00 3c 00 00 00  |............<...|
00008260  42 02 00 00 7b 00 00 00  85 23 eb f2 71 67 44 f5  |B...{....#..qgD.|
00008270  bb 8f 6f f2 3a 59 ff 4d  55 62 75 6e 74 75 00 00  |..o.:Y.MUbuntu..|
00008280  00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00  2f 75 62 75 6e 74 75 00  |......../ubuntu.|
00008290  d8 3c df 5d 00 88 ff ff  52 d0 ef 1d 00 00 00 00  |.<.]....R.......|
000082a0  c0 40 51 b6 00 88 ff ff  00 4e c8 bb 00 88 ff ff  |.@Q......N......|
000082b0  c0 f6 86 b8 00 88 ff ff  30 2e 0d a0 ff ff ff ff  |........0.......|
000082c0  38 3d df 5d 00 88 ff ff  00 00 00 00 00 00 fe 03  |8=.]............|
000082d0  00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00  00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00  |................|
000082e0  08 00 00 00 00 00 00 00  00 00 00 00 8a 53 d3 0e  |.............S..|
000082f0  7c 7a 43 e4 8b fb ca e0  72 b7 fa c8 01 01 00 00  ||zC.....r.......|
00008300  00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00  16 4c 47 4b 0a f3 03 00  |.........LGK....|
00008310  04 00 00 00 00 00 00 00  00 00 00 00 fe 7f 00 00  |................|
00008320  24 b7 0c 00 fe 7f 00 00  01 00 00 00 22 37 0d 00  |$..........."7..|
00008330  ff 7f 00 00 01 00 00 00  23 37 0d 00 00 00 00 00  |........#7......|
00008340  00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00  00 00 00 00 00 00 00 08  |................|
00008350  00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00  00 00 00 00 1c 00 1c 00  |................|
00008360  01 00 00 00 e9 7f 00 00  00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00  |................|
00008370  00 00 00 00 04 00 00 00  9f 7d bb 00 00 00 00 00  |.........}......|
00008380  00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00  00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00  |................|
00008390  00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00  00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00  |................|
000083a0  00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00  00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00  |................|
000083b0  00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00  00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00  |................|
000083c0  00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00  00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00  |................|
000083d0  00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00  00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00  |................|
000083e0  00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00  00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00  |................|
000083f0  00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00  00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00  |................|

相对

$ sudo hexdump -Cv -n 512 -s 2b /dev/sda1
00000400  00 20 19 00 90 03 64 00  2d 00 05 00 5a 2f 56 00  |. ....d.-...Z/V.|
00000410  b6 b1 16 00 00 00 00 00  02 00 00 00 02 00 00 00  |................|
00000420  00 80 00 00 00 80 00 00  00 20 00 00 df 76 ef 4c  |......... ...v.L|
00000430  df 76 ef 4c 06 00 24 00  53 ef 01 00 01 00 00 00  |.v.L..$.S.......|
00000440  59 23 e9 4c 00 4e ed 00  00 00 00 00 01 00 00 00  |Y#.L.N..........|
00000450  0

Answer 1

不错的发现，因为我也能够在我的系统上重现这种效果。在我的站点它发生在 /dev/hda 上，所以它不是 SCSI 问题。

# uname -a
Linux X.X.X 2.6.26-2-686 #1 SMP Tue Mar 9 17:35:51 UTC 2010 i686 GNU/Linux

我认为whitequark这是一个缓存问题是正确的。这是我对您网站上发生的事情的解释（请注意，我不确定我的解释是否正确，但）：

/dev/sda1 正在使用中。因此，每次刷新日志（或类似）时，“同步”都会更新超级块。因此磁盘 /dev/sda1 已更改。

然而，内核并没有为 /dev/sda 和 /dev/sda1 使用组合缓存，而是两个“文件”都是它自己的缓存。为此更新 /dev/sda1（同步）不会使 /dev/sda 的缓存失效。因此，从 /dev/sda 读取显示旧缓存值（因此缓存与硬盘驱动器不同步），而 /dev/sda1 显示正确（新）值。

这是我这边看到的情况。我来这里之前在 /dev/hda 上做了一些转储，所以它已经缓存了一些旧数据：

# od -tx1z -N 10k /dev/hda2 > NOW1
# dd ibs=512 skip=1975995 if=/dev/hda | od -tx1z -N 10k > MAIN1
# diff NOW1 MAIN1
3,4c3,4
< 0002000 00 00 31 01 57 c4 61 02 04 7d 1e 00 be 1a 39 00  >..1.W.a..}....9.<
< 0002020 4e ea 21 01 00 00 00 00 02 00 00 00 02 00 00 00  >N.!.............<
---
> 0002000 00 00 31 01 57 c4 61 02 04 7d 1e 00 4e 1b 39 00  >..1.W.a..}..N.9.<
> 0002020 52 ea 21 01 00 00 00 00 02 00 00 00 02 00 00 00  >R.!.............<

# od -tx1z -N 10k /dev/hda2 > NOW1
# diff NOW1 MAIN1
3,4c3,4
< 0002000 00 00 31 01 57 c4 61 02 04 7d 1e 00 be 1a 39 00  >..1.W.a..}....9.<
< 0002020 4e ea 21 01 00 00 00 00 02 00 00 00 02 00 00 00  >N.!.............<
---
> 0002000 00 00 31 01 57 c4 61 02 04 7d 1e 00 4e 1b 39 00  >..1.W.a..}..N.9.<
> 0002020 52 ea 21 01 00 00 00 00 02 00 00 00 02 00 00 00  >R.!.............<

# od -tx1z -N 10k /dev/hda2 > NOW2
# dd ibs=512 skip=1975995 if=/dev/hda | od -tx1z -N 10k > MAIN2
# diff MAIN1 MAIN2
# diff NOW2 MAIN2
3,4c3,4
< 0002000 00 00 31 01 57 c4 61 02 04 7d 1e 00 f0 19 39 00  >..1.W.a..}....9.<
< 0002020 41 ea 21 01 00 00 00 00 02 00 00 00 02 00 00 00  >A.!.............<
---
> 0002000 00 00 31 01 57 c4 61 02 04 7d 1e 00 4e 1b 39 00  >..1.W.a..}..N.9.<
> 0002020 52 ea 21 01 00 00 00 00 02 00 00 00 02 00 00 00  >R.!.............<
106c106
< 0012440 00 80 14 00 01 80 14 00 02 80 14 00 00 00 01 00  >................<
---
> 0012440 00 80 14 00 01 80 14 00 02 80 14 00 00 00 00 00  >................<
334c334
< 0021540 00 80 4d 00 01 80 4d 00 02 80 4d 00 02 00 63 3e  >..M...M...M...c><
---
> 0021540 00 80 4d 00 01 80 4d 00 02 80 4d 00 02 00 64 3e  >..M...M...M...d><

虽然 /dev/hda 没有显示任何更新，但 /dev/hda2 显示了一些变化。但是当我刷新缓存并重试时，一切都显示相同：

# hdparm -f /dev/hda

/dev/hda:

# dd ibs=512 skip=1975995 if=/dev/hda | od -tx1z -N 10k > MAIN2
# diff MAIN1 MAIN2
3,4c3,4
< 0002000 00 00 31 01 57 c4 61 02 04 7d 1e 00 4e 1b 39 00  >..1.W.a..}..N.9.<
< 0002020 52 ea 21 01 00 00 00 00 02 00 00 00 02 00 00 00  >R.!.............<
---
> 0002000 00 00 31 01 57 c4 61 02 04 7d 1e 00 dc 1a 39 00  >..1.W.a..}....9.<
> 0002020 96 ea 21 01 00 00 00 00 02 00 00 00 02 00 00 00  >..!.............<
36,37c36,37
< 0010300 00 00 03 00 01 00 03 00 02 00 03 00 00 00 bb 3b  >...............;<
< 0010320 80 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00  >................<
---
> 0010300 00 00 03 00 01 00 03 00 02 00 03 00 00 00 bc 3b  >...............;<
> 0010320 7f 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00  >................<
48c48
< 0010600 00 00 06 00 01 00 06 00 02 00 06 00 03 00 18 3f  >...............?<
---
> 0010600 00 00 06 00 01 00 06 00 02 00 06 00 04 00 18 3f  >...............?<
106c106
< 0012440 00 80 14 00 01 80 14 00 02 80 14 00 00 00 00 00  >................<
---
> 0012440 00 80 14 00 01 80 14 00 02 80 14 00 00 00 01 00  >................<

# od -tx1z -N 10k /dev/hda2 > NOW2
# diff NOW2 MAIN2
# diff MAIN1 MAIN2
3,4c3,4
< 0002000 00 00 31 01 57 c4 61 02 04 7d 1e 00 4e 1b 39 00  >..1.W.a..}..N.9.<
< 0002020 52 ea 21 01 00 00 00 00 02 00 00 00 02 00 00 00  >R.!.............<
---
> 0002000 00 00 31 01 57 c4 61 02 04 7d 1e 00 dc 1a 39 00  >..1.W.a..}....9.<
> 0002020 96 ea 21 01 00 00 00 00 02 00 00 00 02 00 00 00  >..!.............<
36,37c36,37
< 0010300 00 00 03 00 01 00 03 00 02 00 03 00 00 00 bb 3b  >...............;<
< 0010320 80 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00  >................<
---
> 0010300 00 00 03 00 01 00 03 00 02 00 03 00 00 00 bc 3b  >...............;<
> 0010320 7f 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00  >................<
48c48
< 0010600 00 00 06 00 01 00 06 00 02 00 06 00 03 00 18 3f  >...............?<
---
> 0010600 00 00 06 00 01 00 06 00 02 00 06 00 04 00 18 3f  >...............?<
106c106
< 0012440 00 80 14 00 01 80 14 00 02 80 14 00 00 00 00 00  >................<
---
> 0012440 00 80 14 00 01 80 14 00 02 80 14 00 00 00 01 00  >................<

关于如何复制的简短说明：

• 确保您的系统处于空闲状态并且有足够的 RAM 用于缓存。
• 运行fdisk -u -l以查找分区的开始位置。在我这边是 1975995
• 选择一个挂载的分区和完整的驱动器。
• 然后执行两个转储（NOW1，MAIN1）并比较它们。他们将比较相等。
• 在分区上稍作更改，同步。
• 多留点时间。
• 稍微改变一下，再次同步。
• 转储NOW2，它应该与NOW1不同
• 做一个转储 MAIN2，它应该和 MAIN1没有区别！
• 执行hdparm驱动器的行
• 再次转储 MAIN2，现在它将与 MAIN1 不同。
• 如果您足够快，NOW2 和 MAIN2 将比较相等。