用于在SQL Server中存储ip地址的数据类型

Question

用于在SQL Server中存储ip地址的数据类型

OrE*_*lse 106 t-sql sql-server types sql-server-2005 ip-address

我应该选择什么数据类型在SQL Server中存储IP地址？

通过选择正确的数据类型,可以很容易地按IP地址进行过滤吗？

Answer 1

The technically correct way to store IPv4 is Binary(4), since that is what it actually is (no, not even an INT32/INT(4)), the numeric textual form that we all know and love (255.255.255.255) being just the display conversion of it's binary content.

If you do it this way, you will want functions to convert to and from the textual-display format:

Here's how to convert the textual display form to binary:

CREATE FUNCTION dbo.fnBinaryIPv4(@ip AS VARCHAR(15)) RETURNS BINARY(4)
AS
BEGIN
    DECLARE @bin AS BINARY(4)

    SELECT @bin = CAST( CAST( PARSENAME( @ip, 4 ) AS INTEGER) AS BINARY(1))
                + CAST( CAST( PARSENAME( @ip, 3 ) AS INTEGER) AS BINARY(1))
                + CAST( CAST( PARSENAME( @ip, 2 ) AS INTEGER) AS BINARY(1))
                + CAST( CAST( PARSENAME( @ip, 1 ) AS INTEGER) AS BINARY(1))

    RETURN @bin
END
go

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And here's how to convert the binary back to the textual display form:

CREATE FUNCTION dbo.fnDisplayIPv4(@ip AS BINARY(4)) RETURNS VARCHAR(15)
AS
BEGIN
    DECLARE @str AS VARCHAR(15) 

    SELECT @str = CAST( CAST( SUBSTRING( @ip, 1, 1) AS INTEGER) AS VARCHAR(3) ) + '.'
                + CAST( CAST( SUBSTRING( @ip, 2, 1) AS INTEGER) AS VARCHAR(3) ) + '.'
                + CAST( CAST( SUBSTRING( @ip, 3, 1) AS INTEGER) AS VARCHAR(3) ) + '.'
                + CAST( CAST( SUBSTRING( @ip, 4, 1) AS INTEGER) AS VARCHAR(3) );

    RETURN @str
END;
go

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Here's a demo of how to use them:

SELECT dbo.fnBinaryIPv4('192.65.68.201')
--should return 0xC04144C9
go

SELECT dbo.fnDisplayIPv4( 0xC04144C9 )
-- should return '192.65.68.201'
go

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Finally, when doing lookups and compares, always use the binary form if you want to be able to leverage your indexes.

UPDATE:

I wanted to add that one way to address the inherent performance problems of scalar UDF's in SQL Server, but still retain the code-reuse of a function is to use an iTVF (inline table-valued function) instead. Here's how the first function above (string to binary) can be re-written as an iTVF:

CREATE FUNCTION dbo.itvfBinaryIPv4(@ip AS VARCHAR(15)) RETURNS TABLE
AS RETURN (
    SELECT CAST(
               CAST( CAST( PARSENAME( @ip, 4 ) AS INTEGER) AS BINARY(1))
            +  CAST( CAST( PARSENAME( @ip, 3 ) AS INTEGER) AS BINARY(1))
            +  CAST( CAST( PARSENAME( @ip, 2 ) AS INTEGER) AS BINARY(1))
            +  CAST( CAST( PARSENAME( @ip, 1 ) AS INTEGER) AS BINARY(1))
                AS BINARY(4)) As bin
        )
go

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Here's it in the example:

SELECT bin FROM dbo.fnBinaryIPv4('192.65.68.201')
--should return 0xC04144C9
go

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And here's how you would use it in an INSERT

INSERT INTo myIpTable
SELECT {other_column_values,...},
       (SELECT bin FROM dbo.itvfBinaryIPv4('192.65.68.201'))

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我认为这在学术意义上是正确的.在不知道海报试图解决的目的和领域问题的情况下,我怀疑这将不必要地使与数据的交互变得复杂并且可能降低性能. (33认同)
IPv4是四个字节的有序序列.那是*IS*它的域名,存储格式是BIN(4).存储格式不会影响性能,因为它是最佳格式.转换函数可能(因为udf在SQL服务器上很糟糕),可以通过内联或在客户端上进行转换来解决.最后,这种方法具有显着的优势,它可以使用索引范围扫描来搜索1,2或3类子网中的地址(WHERE ip BETWEEN fnBinaryIPv4('132.31.55.00')和fnBinaryIPv4('132.31.55.255')) (20认同)
@Pacerier:1)看一个例子的先前评论,2)我没有声称Binary会比Integer更快.我声称A)它是正确的格式(它是),而B)它不会慢. (3认同)

Answer 2

小智 22

您可以使用varchar.IPv4的长度是静态的,但IPv6的长度可能是高度可变的.

除非您有充分的理由将其存储为二进制文件,否则请使用字符串(文本)类型.

IPv6的长度非常固定 - 128位. (38认同)
使用二进制而不是字符串的一个简单原因:二进制版本允许对IP地址进行*数值范围检查!*文本版本不允许.这当然取决于所需的用途,但二进制数更有用,因为它们具有实际意义. (10认同)
除非你在谈论人类永远不会阅读的数据或大量的数据,否则这是最好的答案. (4认同)
varchar在DB中占用了更多的空间.32位IPv4地址需要4个字节才能以数字方式存储,128位IPv6地址需要16个字节才能以数字方式存储.同时,该IPv4地址需要15个字节作为字符串存储,而IPv6地址最多可能需要39个字节作为字符串. (4认同)

Answer 3

小智 16

以下是将varchar格式的IPV4或IPv6转换为二进制(16)并返回的一些代码.这是我能想到的最小的形式.它应该很好地索引并提供一种相对简单的方法来过滤子网.需要SQL Server 2005或更高版本.不确定它是完全防弹的.希望这可以帮助.

-- SELECT dbo.fn_ConvertIpAddressToBinary('2002:1ff:6c2::1ff:6c2')
-- SELECT dbo.fn_ConvertIpAddressToBinary('10.4.46.2')
-- SELECT dbo.fn_ConvertIpAddressToBinary('bogus')

ALTER FUNCTION dbo.fn_ConvertIpAddressToBinary
(
     @ipAddress VARCHAR(39)
)
RETURNS BINARY(16) AS
BEGIN
DECLARE
     @bytes BINARY(16), @vbytes VARBINARY(16), @vbzone VARBINARY(2)
     , @colIndex TINYINT, @prevColIndex TINYINT, @parts TINYINT, @limit TINYINT
     , @delim CHAR(1), @token VARCHAR(4), @zone VARCHAR(4)

SELECT
     @delim = '.'
     , @prevColIndex = 0
     , @limit = 4
     , @vbytes = 0x
     , @parts = 0
     , @colIndex = CHARINDEX(@delim, @ipAddress)

IF @colIndex = 0
     BEGIN
           SELECT
                @delim = ':'
                , @limit = 8
                , @colIndex = CHARINDEX(@delim, @ipAddress)
           WHILE @colIndex > 0
                SELECT
                      @parts = @parts + 1
                      , @colIndex = CHARINDEX(@delim, @ipAddress, @colIndex + 1)
           SET @colIndex = CHARINDEX(@delim, @ipAddress)

           IF @colIndex = 0
                RETURN NULL     
     END

SET @ipAddress = @ipAddress + @delim

WHILE @colIndex > 0
     BEGIN
           SET @token = SUBSTRING(@ipAddress, @prevColIndex + 1, @Colindex - @prevColIndex - 1)

           IF @delim = ':'
                BEGIN
                      SET  @zone = RIGHT('0000' + @token, 4)

                      SELECT
                           @vbzone = CAST('' AS XML).value('xs:hexBinary(sql:variable("@zone"))', 'varbinary(2)')
                           , @vbytes = @vbytes + @vbzone

                      IF @token = ''
                           WHILE @parts + 1 < @limit
                                 SELECT
                                      @vbytes = @vbytes + @vbzone
                                      , @parts = @parts + 1
                END
           ELSE
                BEGIN
                      SET @zone = SUBSTRING('' + master.sys.fn_varbintohexstr(CAST(@token AS TINYINT)), 3, 2)

                      SELECT
                           @vbzone = CAST('' AS XML).value('xs:hexBinary(sql:variable("@zone"))', 'varbinary(1)')
                           , @vbytes = @vbytes + @vbzone
                END

           SELECT
                @prevColIndex = @colIndex
                , @colIndex = CHARINDEX(@delim, @ipAddress, @colIndex + 1) 
     END            

SET @bytes =
     CASE @delim
           WHEN ':' THEN @vbytes
           ELSE 0x000000000000000000000000 + @vbytes
     END 

RETURN @bytes

END

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-- SELECT dbo.fn_ConvertBinaryToIpAddress(0x200201FF06C200000000000001FF06C2)
-- SELECT dbo.fn_ConvertBinaryToIpAddress(0x0000000000000000000000000A0118FF)

ALTER FUNCTION [dbo].[fn_ConvertBinaryToIpAddress]
(
     @bytes BINARY(16)
)
RETURNS VARCHAR(39) AS
BEGIN
DECLARE
     @part VARBINARY(2)
     , @colIndex TINYINT
     , @ipAddress VARCHAR(39)

SET @ipAddress = ''

IF SUBSTRING(@bytes, 1, 12) = 0x000000000000000000000000
     BEGIN
           SET @colIndex = 13
           WHILE @colIndex <= 16
                SELECT
                      @part = SUBSTRING(@bytes, @colIndex, 1)
                      , @ipAddress = @ipAddress
                           + CAST(CAST(@part AS TINYINT) AS VARCHAR(3))
                           + CASE @colIndex WHEN 16 THEN '' ELSE '.' END
                      , @colIndex = @colIndex + 1

           IF @ipAddress = '0.0.0.1'
                SET @ipAddress = '::1'
     END
ELSE
     BEGIN
           SET @colIndex = 1
           WHILE @colIndex <= 16
                BEGIN
                      SET @part = SUBSTRING(@bytes, @colIndex, 2)
                      SELECT
                           @ipAddress = @ipAddress
                                 + CAST('' as xml).value('xs:hexBinary(sql:variable("@part") )', 'varchar(4)')
                                 + CASE @colIndex WHEN 15 THEN '' ELSE ':' END
                           , @colIndex = @colIndex + 2
                END
     END

RETURN @ipAddress   

END

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Answer 4

got*_*tqn 8

当我要同时处理IPv4和IPv6,我使用VARBINARY(16)及以下SQL CLR功能的转换textIP地址提交给字节和反向:

[SqlFunction(DataAccess = DataAccessKind.None, IsDeterministic = true)]
public static SqlBytes GetIPAddressBytesFromString (SqlString value)
{
    IPAddress IP;

    if (IPAddress.TryParse(value.Value, out IP))
    {
        return new SqlBytes(IP.GetAddressBytes());
    }
    else
    {
        return new SqlBytes();
    }
}


[SqlFunction(DataAccess = DataAccessKind.None, IsDeterministic = true)]
public static SqlString GetIPAddressStringFromBytes(SqlBytes value)
{
    string output;

    if (value.IsNull)
    {
        output = "";
    }
    else
    {
        IPAddress IP = new IPAddress(value.Value);
        output = IP.ToString();
    }

    return new SqlString(output);
}

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Answer 5

gbn*_*gbn 7

sys.dm_exec_connections在SQL Server 2005 SP1之后使用varchar(48).对我来说听起来不错,特别是如果你想使用它与你的价值相比.

实际上,你暂时还不会看到IPv6成为主流,所以我更喜欢4 tinyint路线.说,我正在使用varchar(48),因为我必须使用sys.dm_exec_connections...

除此以外.马克雷德曼的回答提到了之前的SO 辩论问题.

实际上我们暂时不会看到2000年,也可以使用2位数日期来节省几个字节.等一下. (9认同)
实际上我们**将会看到IPv6 (4认同)
现在是 2020 年，Google 大约 30% 的流量通过 IPv6 (https://www.google.com/intl/en/ipv6/statistics.html) (2认同)

Answer 6

小智 6

对于使用.NET的用户，可以使用IPAddress类来解析IPv4 / IPv6字符串并将其存储为VARBINARY(16)。可以使用相同的类转换byte[]为字符串。如果要VARBINARY在SQL中转换：

--SELECT 
--  dbo.varbinaryToIpString(CAST(0x7F000001 AS VARBINARY(4))) IPv4,
--  dbo.varbinaryToIpString(CAST(0x20010DB885A3000000008A2E03707334 AS VARBINARY(16))) IPv6

--ALTER 
CREATE
FUNCTION dbo.varbinaryToIpString
(
    @varbinaryValue VARBINARY(16)
)
RETURNS VARCHAR(39)
AS
BEGIN
    IF @varbinaryValue IS NULL
        RETURN NULL
    IF DATALENGTH(@varbinaryValue) = 4
    BEGIN
        RETURN 
            CONVERT(VARCHAR(3), CONVERT(INT, SUBSTRING(@varbinaryValue, 1, 1))) + '.' +
            CONVERT(VARCHAR(3), CONVERT(INT, SUBSTRING(@varbinaryValue, 2, 1))) + '.' +
            CONVERT(VARCHAR(3), CONVERT(INT, SUBSTRING(@varbinaryValue, 3, 1))) + '.' +
            CONVERT(VARCHAR(3), CONVERT(INT, SUBSTRING(@varbinaryValue, 4, 1)))
    END
    IF DATALENGTH(@varbinaryValue) = 16
    BEGIN
        RETURN 
            sys.fn_varbintohexsubstring(0, @varbinaryValue,  1, 2) + ':' +
            sys.fn_varbintohexsubstring(0, @varbinaryValue,  3, 2) + ':' +
            sys.fn_varbintohexsubstring(0, @varbinaryValue,  5, 2) + ':' +
            sys.fn_varbintohexsubstring(0, @varbinaryValue,  7, 2) + ':' +
            sys.fn_varbintohexsubstring(0, @varbinaryValue,  9, 2) + ':' +
            sys.fn_varbintohexsubstring(0, @varbinaryValue, 11, 2) + ':' +
            sys.fn_varbintohexsubstring(0, @varbinaryValue, 13, 2) + ':' +
            sys.fn_varbintohexsubstring(0, @varbinaryValue, 15, 2)
    END

    RETURN 'Invalid'
END

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Answer 7

Ale*_*lex 5

以下答案基于M. Turnhout和Jerry Birchler对此问题的回答，但进行了以下改进：

sys.fn_varbintohexsubstring将未记录的函数 ( , fn_varbintohexstr)的使用替换CONVERT()为二进制样式
将 XML“hacks”( CAST('' as xml).value('xs:hexBinary()))替换CONVERT()为二进制样式
修复了Jerry Birchler的实现中的错误（正如C.Plockfn_ConvertIpAddressToBinary所指出的）
添加次要语法糖

代码已经在SQL Server 2014和SQL Server 2016中进行了测试（见最后的测试用例）

IP 地址Varbinary 到String

将 4 字节值转换为IPV4，将 16 字节值转换为IPV6字符串表示形式。请注意，此函数不会缩短地址。

ALTER FUNCTION dbo.IPAddressVarbinaryToString
(
    @varbinaryValue VARBINARY( 16 )
)
RETURNS VARCHAR(39)
AS
BEGIN
    IF @varbinaryValue IS NULL
        RETURN NULL;
    ELSE IF DATALENGTH( @varbinaryValue ) = 4
        RETURN 
            CONVERT( VARCHAR(3), CONVERT(TINYINT, SUBSTRING( @varbinaryValue, 1, 1 ))) + '.' +
            CONVERT( VARCHAR(3), CONVERT(TINYINT, SUBSTRING( @varbinaryValue, 2, 1 ))) + '.' +
            CONVERT( VARCHAR(3), CONVERT(TINYINT, SUBSTRING( @varbinaryValue, 3, 1 ))) + '.' +
            CONVERT( VARCHAR(3), CONVERT(TINYINT, SUBSTRING( @varbinaryValue, 4, 1 )));
    ELSE IF DATALENGTH( @varbinaryValue ) = 16
        RETURN 
            CONVERT( VARCHAR(4), SUBSTRING( @varbinaryValue,  1, 2 ), 2 ) + ':' +
            CONVERT( VARCHAR(4), SUBSTRING( @varbinaryValue,  3, 2 ), 2 ) + ':' +
            CONVERT( VARCHAR(4), SUBSTRING( @varbinaryValue,  5, 2 ), 2 ) + ':' +
            CONVERT( VARCHAR(4), SUBSTRING( @varbinaryValue,  7, 2 ), 2 ) + ':' +
            CONVERT( VARCHAR(4), SUBSTRING( @varbinaryValue,  9, 2 ), 2 ) + ':' +
            CONVERT( VARCHAR(4), SUBSTRING( @varbinaryValue, 11, 2 ), 2 ) + ':' +
            CONVERT( VARCHAR(4), SUBSTRING( @varbinaryValue, 13, 2 ), 2 ) + ':' +
            CONVERT( VARCHAR(4), SUBSTRING( @varbinaryValue, 15, 2 ), 2 );

    RETURN 'Invalid';
END

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测试用例：

SELECT dbo.IPAddressVarbinaryToString(0x00000000000000000000000000000000) -- 0000:0000:0000:0000:0000:0000:0000:0000 (no address shortening)
SELECT dbo.IPAddressVarbinaryToString(0x00010002000300400500060070000089) -- 0001:0002:0003:0040:0500:0600:7000:0089
SELECT dbo.IPAddressVarbinaryToString(0xC0A80148) -- 255.168.1.72
SELECT dbo.IPAddressVarbinaryToString(0x7F000001) -- 127.0.0.1 (no address shortening)
SELECT dbo.IPAddressVarbinaryToString(NULL) -- NULL

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IP地址字符串转Varbinary

将IPV4和IPV6字符串表示形式分别转换为 4 字节和 16 字节二进制值。请注意，此函数能够解析大多数（所有常用的）速记地址表示形式（例如 127...1 和 2001:db8::1319:370:7348）。要强制此函数始终返回 16 字节二进制值，请取消注释函数末尾的前导 0 连接。

ALTER FUNCTION [dbo].[IPAddressStringToVarbinary]
(
    @IPAddress VARCHAR( 39 )
)
RETURNS VARBINARY(16) AS
BEGIN

IF @ipAddress IS NULL
    RETURN NULL;

DECLARE @bytes VARBINARY(16), @token VARCHAR(4),
    @vbytes VARBINARY(16) = 0x, @vbzone VARBINARY(2),
    @tIPAddress VARCHAR( 40 ),
    @colIndex TINYINT,
    @delim CHAR(1) = '.',
    @prevColIndex TINYINT = 0,
    @parts TINYINT = 0, @limit TINYINT = 4;

-- Get position if IPV4 delimiter
SET @colIndex = CHARINDEX( @delim, @ipAddress );

-- If not IPV4, then assume IPV6
IF @colIndex = 0
BEGIN
    SELECT @delim = ':', @limit = 8, @colIndex = CHARINDEX( @delim, @ipAddress );

    -- Get number of parts (delimiters)
    WHILE @colIndex > 0
        SELECT @parts += 1, @colIndex = CHARINDEX( @delim, @ipAddress, @colIndex + 1 );

    SET @colIndex = CHARINDEX( @delim, @ipAddress );

    IF @colIndex = 0
        RETURN NULL;
END

-- Add trailing delimiter (need new variable of larger size)
SET @tIPAddress = @IPAddress + @delim;

WHILE @colIndex > 0
BEGIN
    SET @token = SUBSTRING( @tIPAddress, @prevColIndex + 1, @Colindex - @prevColIndex - 1 );

    IF @delim = ':'
    BEGIN
        SELECT @vbzone = CONVERT( VARBINARY(2), RIGHT( '0000' + @token, 4 ), 2 ), @vbytes += @vbzone;

        -- Handles consecutive sections of zeros representation rule (i.e. ::)(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPv6#Address_representation)
        IF @token = ''
            WHILE @parts + 1 < @limit
                SELECT @vbytes += @vbzone, @parts += 1;
    END
    ELSE
    BEGIN
        SELECT @vbzone = CONVERT( VARBINARY(1), CONVERT( TINYINT, @token )), @vbytes += @vbzone
    END

    SELECT @prevColIndex = @colIndex, @colIndex = CHARINDEX( @delim, @tIPAddress, @colIndex + 1 ) 
END

SET @bytes =
    CASE @delim
        WHEN ':' THEN @vbytes
        ELSE /*0x000000000000000000000000 +*/ @vbytes -- Return IPV4 addresses as 4 byte binary (uncomment leading 0s section to force 16 byte binary)
    END 

RETURN @bytes

END

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测试用例

有效案例

SELECT dbo.IPAddressStringToVarbinary( '0000:0000:0000:0000:0000:0000:0000:0001' ) -- 0x0000000000000000000000000001 (check bug fix)
SELECT dbo.IPAddressStringToVarbinary( '0001:0002:0003:0040:0500:0600:7000:0089' ) -- 0x00010002000300400500060070000089
SELECT dbo.IPAddressStringToVarbinary( '2001:db8:85a3:8d3:1319::370:7348' )     -- 0x20010DB885A308D31319000003707348 (check short hand)
SELECT dbo.IPAddressStringToVarbinary( '2001:db8:85a3:8d3:1319:0000:370:7348' ) -- 0x20010DB885A308D31319000003707348
SELECT dbo.IPAddressStringToVarbinary( '192.168.1.72' ) -- 0xC0A80148
SELECT dbo.IPAddressStringToVarbinary( '127...1' ) -- 0x7F000001 (check short hand)
SELECT dbo.IPAddressStringToVarbinary( NULL ) -- NULL
SELECT dbo.IPAddressStringToVarbinary( '' ) -- NULL
-- Check that conversions return original address
SELECT dbo.IPAddressVarbinaryToString( dbo.IPAddressStringToVarbinary( '0001:0002:0003:0040:0500:0600:7000:0089' )) -- '0001:0002:0003:0040:0500:0600:7000:0089' 
SELECT dbo.IPAddressVarbinaryToString( dbo.IPAddressStringToVarbinary( '127...1' )) -- 127.0.0.1
SELECT dbo.IPAddressVarbinaryToString( dbo.IPAddressStringToVarbinary( '192.168.1.72' )) -- 192.168.1.72
SELECT dbo.IPAddressVarbinaryToString( dbo.IPAddressStringToVarbinary( '2001:db8:85a3:8d3:1319::370:7348' ))     -- 2001:0db8:85a3:08d3:1319:0000:0370:7348
SELECT dbo.IPAddressVarbinaryToString( dbo.IPAddressStringToVarbinary( '2001:db8:85a3:8d3:1314:0000:370:7348' )) -- 2001:0db8:85a3:08d3:1319:0000:0370:7348
SELECT dbo.IPAddressVarbinaryToString( dbo.IPAddressStringToVarbinary( '2001:db8:85a3:8d3::370:7348' )) -- 2001:0DB8:85A3:08D3:0000:0000:0370:7348
-- This is technically an invalid IPV6 (according to Wikipedia) but it parses correctly
SELECT dbo.IPAddressVarbinaryToString( dbo.IPAddressStringToVarbinary( '2001:db8::1319::370:7348' )) -- 2001:0DB8:0000:0000:1319:0000:0370:7348

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无效案例

SELECT dbo.IPAddressVarbinaryToString( dbo.IPAddressStringToVarbinary( '2001:db8::1319::7348' )) -- 2001:0DB8:0000:0000:0000:1319:0000:7348 (ambiguous address)
SELECT dbo.IPAddressStringToVarbinary( '127.1' ) -- 127.0.0.1 (not supported short-hand)
SELECT dbo.IPAddressVarbinaryToString( dbo.IPAddressStringToVarbinary( '127.1' )) -- 127.0.0.1 (not supported short-hand)
SELECT dbo.IPAddressStringToVarbinary( '0300.0000.0002.0353' ) -- octal byte values
SELECT dbo.IPAddressStringToVarbinary( '0xC0.0x00.0x02.0xEB' ) -- hex values
SELECT dbo.IPAddressStringToVarbinary( 'C0.00.02.EB' ) -- hex values

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