JJJ*_*JJJ 9 haskell exception lazy-evaluation ghc
问题类似于这个问题.但是,这个是关于异常,而不是懒惰的I/O.
这是一个测试:
{-# LANGUAGE ScopedTypeVariables #-}
import Prelude hiding ( catch )
import Control.Exception
fooLazy :: Int -> IO Int
fooLazy m = return $ 1 `div` m
fooStrict :: Int -> IO Int
fooStrict m = return $! 1 `div` m
test :: (Int -> IO Int) -> IO ()
test f = print =<< f 0 `catch` \(_ :: SomeException) -> return 42
testLazy :: Int -> IO Int
testLazy m = (return $ 1 `div` m) `catch` \(_ :: SomeException) -> return 42
testStrict :: Int -> IO Int
testStrict m = (return $! 1 `div` m) `catch` \(_ :: SomeException) -> return 42
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所以我写了两个函数fooLazy
是懒惰,fooStrict
这是严格的,也有两个测试testLazy
和testStrict
,然后我试图通过零赶上划分:
> test fooLazy
*** Exception: divide by zero
> test fooStrict
42
> testLazy 0
*** Exception: divide by zero
> testStrict 0
42
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它在懒惰的情况下失败了.
首先要想到的是编写一个catch
强制评估第一个参数的函数版本:
{-# LANGUAGE ScopedTypeVariables #-}
import Prelude hiding ( catch )
import Control.DeepSeq
import Control.Exception
import System.IO.Unsafe
fooLazy :: Int -> IO Int
fooLazy m = return $ 1 `div` m
fooStrict :: Int -> IO Int
fooStrict m = return $! 1 `div` m
instance NFData a => NFData (IO a) where
rnf = rnf . unsafePerformIO
catchStrict :: (Exception e, NFData a) => IO a -> (e -> IO a) -> IO a
catchStrict = catch . force
test :: (Int -> IO Int) -> IO ()
test f = print =<< f 0 `catchStrict` \(_ :: SomeException) -> return 42
testLazy :: Int -> IO Int
testLazy m = (return $ 1 `div` m) `catchStrict` \(_ :: SomeException) -> return 42
testStrict :: Int -> IO Int
testStrict m = (return $! 1 `div` m) `catchStrict` \(_ :: SomeException) -> return 42
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它似乎工作:
> test fooLazy
42
> test fooStrict
42
> testLazy 0
42
> testStrict 0
42
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但我在unsafePerformIO
这里使用这个功能,这很可怕.
我有两个问题:
catch
函数总是捕获所有异常,无论它的第一个参数的性质如何?catchStrict
功能这样的东西适合吗?更新1.
这是nanothief的更好的catchStrict
功能版本:
forceM :: (Monad m, NFData a) => m a -> m a
forceM m = m >>= (return $!) . force
catchStrict :: (Exception e, NFData a) => IO a -> (e -> IO a) -> IO a
catchStrict expr = (forceM expr `catch`)
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更新2.
这是另一个"坏"的例子:
main :: IO ()
main = do
args <- getArgs
res <- return ((+ 1) $ read $ head args) `catch` \(_ :: SomeException) -> return 0
print res
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它应该像这样重写:
main :: IO ()
main = do
args <- getArgs
print ((+ 1) $ read $ head args) `catch` \(_ :: SomeException) -> print 0
-- or
--
-- res <- return ((+ 1) $ read $ head args) `catchStrict` \(_ :: SomeException) -> return 0
-- print res
--
-- or
--
-- res <- returnStrcit ((+ 1) $ read $ head args) `catch` \(_ :: SomeException) -> return 0
-- print res
--
-- where
returnStrict :: Monad m => a -> m a
returnStrict = (return $!)
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更新3.
正如nanothief注意到的那样,无法保证catch
函数始终能够捕获任何异常.所以需要仔细使用它.
关于如何解决相关问题的一些提示:
($!)
与return
使用forceM
上的第一个参数catch
,使用该catchStrict
功能.这是一个例子:
{-# LANGUAGE GeneralizedNewtypeDeriving, TypeSynonymInstances, FlexibleInstances
, MultiParamTypeClasses, UndecidableInstances, ScopedTypeVariables #-}
import System.Environment
import Prelude hiding ( IO )
import qualified Prelude as P ( IO )
import qualified Control.Exception as E
import Data.Foldable
import Data.Traversable
import Control.Applicative
import Control.Monad.Trans
import Control.Monad.Error
newtype StrictT m a = StrictT { runStrictT :: m a } deriving
( Foldable, Traversable, Functor, Applicative, Alternative, MonadPlus, MonadFix
, MonadIO
)
instance Monad m => Monad (StrictT m) where
return = StrictT . (return $!)
m >>= k = StrictT $ runStrictT m >>= runStrictT . k
fail = StrictT . fail
instance MonadTrans StrictT where
lift = StrictT
type IO = StrictT P.IO
instance E.Exception e => MonadError e IO where
throwError = StrictT . E.throwIO
catchError m h = StrictT $ runStrictT m `E.catch` (runStrictT . h)
io :: StrictT P.IO a -> P.IO a
io = runStrictT
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它本质上是身份monad变换器,但严格return
:
foo :: Int -> IO Int
foo m = return $ 1 `div` m
fooReadLn :: Int -> IO Int
fooReadLn x = liftM (`div` x) $ liftIO readLn
test :: (Int -> IO Int) -> P.IO ()
test f = io $ liftIO . print =<< f 0 `catchError` \(_ :: E.SomeException) -> return 42
main :: P.IO ()
main = io $ do
args <- liftIO getArgs
res <- return ((+ 1) $ read $ head args) `catchError` \(_ :: E.SomeException) -> return 0
liftIO $ print res
-- > test foo
-- 42
-- > test fooReadLn
-- 1
-- 42
-- ./main
-- 0
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首先(我不确定你是否已经知道这一点),抓住这个懒惰案例的原因是什么
1 `div` 0
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表达式在需要之前不会被评估,这是在print
函数内部.但是,该catch
方法仅适用于f 0
表达式,而不是整个print =<< f 0
表达式,因此不会捕获异常.如果你这样做:
test f = (print =<< f 0) `catch` \(_ :: SomeException) -> print 42
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相反,它在两种情况下都能正常工作.
如果你想制作一个catch语句来强制完成IO结果的评估,而不是创建一个新的NFData实例,你可以编写一个forceM
方法,并在catchStrict
方法中使用它:
forceM :: (Monad m, NFData a) => m a -> m a
forceM m = m >>= (return $!) . force
catchStrict :: (Exception e, NFData a) => IO a -> (e -> IO a) -> IO a
catchStrict expr = (forceM expr `catch`)
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(我有点惊讶forceM不在Control.DeepSeq
库内)
关于你的评论:
不,规则是仅在计算值时抛出异常,并且仅在haskell需要时才执行此操作.如果haskell可以推迟对它的评估.
一个示例测试函数,它不使用$!
,但仍会立即引发异常(因此正常的catch将捕获除以零的异常)是:
fooEvaluated :: Int -> IO Int
fooEvaluated m = case 3 `div` m of
3 -> return 3
0 -> return 0
_ -> return 1
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Haskell被迫评估"3`div`m"表达式,因为它需要将结果与3和0匹配.
作为最后一个示例,以下内容不会抛出任何异常,并且当与test函数一起使用时返回1:
fooNoException :: Int -> IO Int
fooNoException m = case 3 `div` m of
_ -> return 1
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这是因为haskell永远不需要计算"3`div`m"表达式(因为_
匹配所有内容),因此它永远不会被计算,因此不会抛出任何异常.
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