Swa*_*C H 100 language-agnostic algorithm numbers
假设我们有0.33,我们需要输出"1/3".
如果我们有"0.4",我们需要输出"2/5".
我们的想法是让人们可读,让用户理解"y部分中的x部分",作为理解数据的更好方式.
我知道百分比是一个很好的替代品,但我想知道是否有一个简单的方法来做到这一点？
小智 67
我发现David Eppstein 发现给定实数 C代码的理性近似正是你所要求的.它基于连续分数理论,非常快速且相当紧凑.
我已经为特定的分子和分母限制使用了这个版本.
/*
** find rational approximation to given real number
** David Eppstein / UC Irvine / 8 Aug 1993
**
** With corrections from Arno Formella, May 2008
**
** usage: a.out r d
** r is real number to approx
** d is the maximum denominator allowed
**
** based on the theory of continued fractions
** if x = a1 + 1/(a2 + 1/(a3 + 1/(a4 + ...)))
** then best approximation is found by truncating this series
** (with some adjustments in the last term).
**
** Note the fraction can be recovered as the first column of the matrix
** ( a1 1 ) ( a2 1 ) ( a3 1 ) ...
** ( 1 0 ) ( 1 0 ) ( 1 0 )
** Instead of keeping the sequence of continued fraction terms,
** we just keep the last partial product of these matrices.
*/
#include <stdio.h>
main(ac, av)
int ac;
char ** av;
{
double atof();
int atoi();
void exit();
long m[2][2];
double x, startx;
long maxden;
long ai;
/* read command line arguments */
if (ac != 3) {
fprintf(stderr, "usage: %s r d\n",av[0]); // AF: argument missing
exit(1);
}
startx = x = atof(av[1]);
maxden = atoi(av[2]);
/* initialize matrix */
m[0][0] = m[1][1] = 1;
m[0][1] = m[1][0] = 0;
/* loop finding terms until denom gets too big */
while (m[1][0] * ( ai = (long)x ) + m[1][1] <= maxden) {
long t;
t = m[0][0] * ai + m[0][1];
m[0][1] = m[0][0];
m[0][0] = t;
t = m[1][0] * ai + m[1][1];
m[1][1] = m[1][0];
m[1][0] = t;
if(x==(double)ai) break; // AF: division by zero
x = 1/(x - (double) ai);
if(x>(double)0x7FFFFFFF) break; // AF: representation failure
}
/* now remaining x is between 0 and 1/ai */
/* approx as either 0 or 1/m where m is max that will fit in maxden */
/* first try zero */
printf("%ld/%ld, error = %e\n", m[0][0], m[1][0],
startx - ((double) m[0][0] / (double) m[1][0]));
/* now try other possibility */
ai = (maxden - m[1][1]) / m[1][0];
m[0][0] = m[0][0] * ai + m[0][1];
m[1][0] = m[1][0] * ai + m[1][1];
printf("%ld/%ld, error = %e\n", m[0][0], m[1][0],
startx - ((double) m[0][0] / (double) m[1][0]));
}
Deb*_*ski 25
从Python 2.6开始就有fractions模块.
(引用文档.)
>>> from fractions import Fraction
>>> Fraction('3.1415926535897932').limit_denominator(1000)
Fraction(355, 113)
>>> from math import pi, cos
>>> Fraction.from_float(cos(pi/3))
Fraction(4503599627370497, 9007199254740992)
>>> Fraction.from_float(cos(pi/3)).limit_denominator()
Fraction(1, 2)
J P*_*J P 21
如果输出是为了给人类读者一个结果顺序的快速印象,那么返回"113/211"之类的东西是没有意义的,所以输出应该限制为使用一位数字(也许是1/10和9/10).如果是这样,您可以观察到只有27 种不同的分数.
由于用于生成输出的基础数学将永远不会改变,因此解决方案可能是简单地对二进制搜索树进行硬编码,以便该函数最多执行log(27)〜= 4 3/4比较.这是经过测试的C版代码
char *userTextForDouble(double d, char *rval)
{
if (d == 0.0)
return "0";
// TODO: negative numbers:if (d < 0.0)...
if (d >= 1.0)
sprintf(rval, "%.0f ", floor(d));
d = d-floor(d); // now only the fractional part is left
if (d == 0.0)
return rval;
if( d < 0.47 )
{
if( d < 0.25 )
{
if( d < 0.16 )
{
if( d < 0.12 ) // Note: fixed from .13
{
if( d < 0.11 )
strcat(rval, "1/10"); // .1
else
strcat(rval, "1/9"); // .1111....
}
else // d >= .12
{
if( d < 0.14 )
strcat(rval, "1/8"); // .125
else
strcat(rval, "1/7"); // .1428...
}
}
else // d >= .16
{
if( d < 0.19 )
{
strcat(rval, "1/6"); // .1666...
}
else // d > .19
{
if( d < 0.22 )
strcat(rval, "1/5"); // .2
else
strcat(rval, "2/9"); // .2222...
}
}
}
else // d >= .25
{
if( d < 0.37 ) // Note: fixed from .38
{
if( d < 0.28 ) // Note: fixed from .29
{
strcat(rval, "1/4"); // .25
}
else // d >=.28
{
if( d < 0.31 )
strcat(rval, "2/7"); // .2857...
else
strcat(rval, "1/3"); // .3333...
}
}
else // d >= .37
{
if( d < 0.42 ) // Note: fixed from .43
{
if( d < 0.40 )
strcat(rval, "3/8"); // .375
else
strcat(rval, "2/5"); // .4
}
else // d >= .42
{
if( d < 0.44 )
strcat(rval, "3/7"); // .4285...
else
strcat(rval, "4/9"); // .4444...
}
}
}
}
else
{
if( d < 0.71 )
{
if( d < 0.60 )
{
if( d < 0.55 ) // Note: fixed from .56
{
strcat(rval, "1/2"); // .5
}
else // d >= .55
{
if( d < 0.57 )
strcat(rval, "5/9"); // .5555...
else
strcat(rval, "4/7"); // .5714
}
}
else // d >= .6
{
if( d < 0.62 ) // Note: Fixed from .63
{
strcat(rval, "3/5"); // .6
}
else // d >= .62
{
if( d < 0.66 )
strcat(rval, "5/8"); // .625
else
strcat(rval, "2/3"); // .6666...
}
}
}
else
{
if( d < 0.80 )
{
if( d < 0.74 )
{
strcat(rval, "5/7"); // .7142...
}
else // d >= .74
{
if(d < 0.77 ) // Note: fixed from .78
strcat(rval, "3/4"); // .75
else
strcat(rval, "7/9"); // .7777...
}
}
else // d >= .8
{
if( d < 0.85 ) // Note: fixed from .86
{
if( d < 0.83 )
strcat(rval, "4/5"); // .8
else
strcat(rval, "5/6"); // .8333...
}
else // d >= .85
{
if( d < 0.87 ) // Note: fixed from .88
{
strcat(rval, "6/7"); // .8571
}
else // d >= .87
{
if( d < 0.88 ) // Note: fixed from .89
{
strcat(rval, "7/8"); // .875
}
else // d >= .88
{
if( d < 0.90 )
strcat(rval, "8/9"); // .8888...
else
strcat(rval, "9/10"); // .9
}
}
}
}
}
}
return rval;
}
dev*_*ore 16
这是一个解释将小数转换为分数的数学的链接:
http://www.webmath.com/dec2fract.html
这是一个如何使用VB实际执行此操作的示例函数(来自www.freevbcode.com/ShowCode.asp?ID=582):
Public Function Dec2Frac(ByVal f As Double) As String
Dim df As Double
Dim lUpperPart As Long
Dim lLowerPart As Long
lUpperPart = 1
lLowerPart = 1
df = lUpperPart / lLowerPart
While (df <> f)
If (df < f) Then
lUpperPart = lUpperPart + 1
Else
lLowerPart = lLowerPart + 1
lUpperPart = f * lLowerPart
End If
df = lUpperPart / lLowerPart
Wend
Dec2Frac = CStr(lUpperPart) & "/" & CStr(lLowerPart)
End Function
(来自谷歌搜索:将小数转换为分数,将小数转换为分数代码)
nlu*_*oni 10
您可能想要阅读每个计算机科学家应该知道的关于浮点运算的内容.
您必须通过乘以一个大数字来指定一些精度:
3.141592 * 1000000 = 3141592
然后你可以做一个分数:
3 + (141592 / 1000000)
并通过GCD减少......
3 + (17699 / 125000)
但没有办法得到预期的分数.您可能希望始终在整个代码中使用分数 - 只要记住在可以避免溢出时减少分数!
这是devinmoore建议的VB代码的Perl和Javascript版本:
Perl的:
sub dec2frac {
my $d = shift;
my $df = 1;
my $top = 1;
my $bot = 1;
while ($df != $d) {
if ($df < $d) {
$top += 1;
}
else {
$bot += 1;
$top = int($d * $bot);
}
$df = $top / $bot;
}
return "$top/$bot";
}
几乎相同的javascript:
function dec2frac(d) {
var df = 1;
var top = 1;
var bot = 1;
while (df != d) {
if (df < d) {
top += 1;
}
else {
bot += 1;
top = parseInt(d * bot);
}
df = top / bot;
}
return top + '/' + bot;
}
AC#实施
/// <summary>
/// Represents a rational number
/// </summary>
public struct Fraction
{
public int Numerator;
public int Denominator;
/// <summary>
/// Constructor
/// </summary>
public Fraction(int numerator, int denominator)
{
this.Numerator = numerator;
this.Denominator = denominator;
}
/// <summary>
/// Approximates a fraction from the provided double
/// </summary>
public static Fraction Parse(double d)
{
return ApproximateFraction(d);
}
/// <summary>
/// Returns this fraction expressed as a double, rounded to the specified number of decimal places.
/// Returns double.NaN if denominator is zero
/// </summary>
public double ToDouble(int decimalPlaces)
{
if (this.Denominator == 0)
return double.NaN;
return System.Math.Round(
Numerator / (double)Denominator,
decimalPlaces
);
}
/// <summary>
/// Approximates the provided value to a fraction.
/// http://stackoverflow.com/questions/95727/how-to-convert-floats-to-human-readable-fractions
/// </summary>
private static Fraction ApproximateFraction(double value)
{
const double EPSILON = .000001d;
int n = 1; // numerator
int d = 1; // denominator
double fraction = n / d;
while (System.Math.Abs(fraction - value) > EPSILON)
{
if (fraction < value)
{
n++;
}
else
{
d++;
n = (int)System.Math.Round(value * d);
}
fraction = n / (double)d;
}
return new Fraction(n, d);
}
}
Ian Richards / John Kennedy的这个算法不仅返回漂亮的分数，而且在速度方面也表现得非常好。这是我从这个答案中摘取的 C# 代码。
它可以处理double除 NaN 和 +/- 无穷大等特殊值之外的所有值，如果需要，您必须添加这些特殊值。
它返回一个new Fraction(numerator, denominator). 替换为您自己的类型。
有关更多示例值以及与其他算法的比较，请转到此处
public Fraction RealToFraction(double value, double accuracy)
{
if (accuracy <= 0.0 || accuracy >= 1.0)
{
throw new ArgumentOutOfRangeException("accuracy", "Must be > 0 and < 1.");
}
int sign = Math.Sign(value);
if (sign == -1)
{
value = Math.Abs(value);
}
// Accuracy is the maximum relative error; convert to absolute maxError
double maxError = sign == 0 ? accuracy : value * accuracy;
int n = (int) Math.Floor(value);
value -= n;
if (value < maxError)
{
return new Fraction(sign * n, 1);
}
if (1 - maxError < value)
{
return new Fraction(sign * (n + 1), 1);
}
double z = value;
int previousDenominator = 0;
int denominator = 1;
int numerator;
do
{
z = 1.0 / (z - (int) z);
int temp = denominator;
denominator = denominator * (int) z + previousDenominator;
previousDenominator = temp;
numerator = Convert.ToInt32(value * denominator);
}
while (Math.Abs(value - (double) numerator / denominator) > maxError && z != (int) z);
return new Fraction((n * denominator + numerator) * sign, denominator);
}
该算法返回的示例值：
Accuracy: 1.0E-3 | Richards
Input | Result Error
======================| =============================
3 | 3/1 0
0.999999 | 1/1 1.0E-6
1.000001 | 1/1 -1.0E-6
0.50 (1/2) | 1/2 0
0.33... (1/3) | 1/3 0
0.67... (2/3) | 2/3 0
0.25 (1/4) | 1/4 0
0.11... (1/9) | 1/9 0
0.09... (1/11) | 1/11 0
0.62... (307/499) | 8/13 2.5E-4
0.14... (33/229) | 16/111 2.7E-4
0.05... (33/683) | 10/207 -1.5E-4
0.18... (100/541) | 17/92 -3.3E-4
0.06... (33/541) | 5/82 -3.7E-4
0.1 | 1/10 0
0.2 | 1/5 0
0.3 | 3/10 0
0.4 | 2/5 0
0.5 | 1/2 0
0.6 | 3/5 0
0.7 | 7/10 0
0.8 | 4/5 0
0.9 | 9/10 0
0.01 | 1/100 0
0.001 | 1/1000 0
0.0001 | 1/10000 0
0.33333333333 | 1/3 1.0E-11
0.333 | 333/1000 0
0.7777 | 7/9 1.0E-4
0.11 | 10/91 -1.0E-3
0.1111 | 1/9 1.0E-4
3.14 | 22/7 9.1E-4
3.14... (pi) | 22/7 4.0E-4
2.72... (e) | 87/32 1.7E-4
0.7454545454545 | 38/51 -4.8E-4
0.01024801004 | 2/195 8.2E-4
0.99011 | 100/101 -1.1E-5
0.26... (5/19) | 5/19 0
0.61... (37/61) | 17/28 9.7E-4
|
Accuracy: 1.0E-4 | Richards
Input | Result Error
======================| =============================
0.62... (307/499) | 299/486 -6.7E-6
0.05... (33/683) | 23/476 6.4E-5
0.06... (33/541) | 33/541 0
1E-05 | 1/99999 1.0E-5
0.7777 | 1109/1426 -1.8E-7
3.14... (pi) | 333/106 -2.6E-5
2.72... (e) | 193/71 1.0E-5
0.61... (37/61) | 37/61 0
部分问题在于,如此多的分数实际上不容易被解释为分数.例如0.33不是1/3,它是33/100.但是如果你还记得你的小学培训,那么有一个将十进制值转换成分数的过程,但是它不太可能给你你想要的东西,因为大多数时候十进制数不是存储在0.33,而是0.329999999999998或其他一些.
帮自己一个忙,不要为此烦恼,但如果你需要,你可以做以下事情:
将原始值乘以10,直到删除小数部分.保留该数字,并将其用作除数.然后通过寻找共同点进行一系列简化.
所以0.4将是4/10.然后,您将寻找以低值开头的公约数,可能是素数.从2开始,你会看到2是否通过检查除法的底限是否与除法本身相同来均匀地除以分子和分母.
floor(5/2) = 2
5/2 = 2.5
所以5不均匀分为2.那么你检查下一个数字,比如3.你这样做直到你达到或低于较小数字的平方根.
在你这样做之后,你需要
小智 5
这不是一个"算法",只是一个Python解决方案:http: //docs.python.org/library/fractions.html
>>> from fractions import Fraction
>>> Fraction('3.1415926535897932').limit_denominator(1000)
Fraction(355, 113)