yon*_*tix 6 c++ templates member-functions c++-concepts c++20
是否可以有一个带有可选模板参数的类,可以像这样调用?:
#include <iostream>
template <typename T = void>
class A final
{
public:
// This class can be called only when T exists.
void f()
{
printf("%d\n", member);
}
// This method can be called only when T is missing.
void g()
{
printf("No template parameter\n");
}
public:
T member;
};
int main()
{
A<int> a1;
A a2;
a1.f(); // should be valid
a1.g(); // should be invalid, cannot compile
a2.f(); // should be invalid, cannot compile
a2.g(); // should be valid
return 0;
}
Run Code Online (Sandbox Code Playgroud)
如果是,应该使用哪些 std 函数?
您可以使用“旧”方式进行专业化:
template <typename T = void>
class A final // generic case, T != void
{
public:
void f() { std::cout << member << std::endl; }
public:
T member;
};
template <>
class A<void> final
{
public:
void g() { printf("No template parameter\n"); } // actually `void` and not "No".
};
Run Code Online (Sandbox Code Playgroud)
通过将你的类变成可变参数,将缺少的参数处理为空包,而不是 void,你可以这样做:
template <typename... Ts>
class A final
{
static_assert(sizeof...(Ts) < 2);
public:
void f() requires (sizeof...(Ts) == 1) { std::cout << std::get<0>(member) << std::endl; }
void g() requires (sizeof...(Ts) == 0) { printf("No template parameter\n"); }
public:
std::tuple<Ts...> member;
};
Run Code Online (Sandbox Code Playgroud)
您可以利用约束和概念,特别是以下std::same_as概念:
#include <concepts>
template <typename T = void>
struct A final {
// This method is defined only when T is non-void.
void f() requires (!std::same_as<T, void>) {}
// This method is defined only when T is void.
void g() requires std::same_as<T, void> {}
};
int main() {
A<int> a1;
A a2;
a1.f(); // OK
// a1.g(); // error
// a2.f(); // error
a2.g(); // OK
}
Run Code Online (Sandbox Code Playgroud)
如果您只希望该成员针对某些专业化而存在,则可以将其包装在您相应专业化的类模板中。例如:
template<typename T>
struct Value {
T value;
};
template<>
struct Value<void> {};
Run Code Online (Sandbox Code Playgroud)
另一种方法是使用辅助基类来继承成员,这在 A 的构造函数依赖于类型本身的特征时尤其有用。Egstd::optional通常使用各种基类的 mixins 来实现。
您可能还想对类的模板参数本身进行限制,A以限制在类中包装哪种类型有意义。
使用最小方法:
#include <concepts>
template<typename T>
struct Value {
T value;
};
template<>
struct Value<void> {};
template <typename T = void>
struct A final {
// This methods can be called only when T is non-void.
T f() requires (!std::same_as<T, void>) {
return member.value;
}
// This method can be called only when T is void.
void g() requires std::same_as<T, void> {}
private:
Value<T> member;
};
int main() {
A<int> a1;
A a2;
auto value = a1.f(); // OK
// a1.g(); // error
// a2.f(); // error
a2.g(); // OK
}
Run Code Online (Sandbox Code Playgroud)