Mik*_*lia 4 python pip pypi anaconda conda
该网站上有许多帖子通常顺便提及pip_interop_enabled=True在某些环境中进行设置的想法。据我所知，这使得 conda 和 pip3 在某种程度上可以更好地交互。准确地说，如果这是真的，人们说 conda 将在 PyPI 中搜索主通道中不存在的包。他们还说这是“实验性的”。
这是conda关于此的文档。它指出，即使使用 pip_interop_enabled=False，最近版本中 conda 的大部分行为也得到了改进，导致人们质疑此设置的作用。
我的问题是：实际上，这一切意味着什么？
首先，让我们澄清一下：Conda 不会“搜索 PyPI ”——这不是pip_interop_enabled配置选项添加的内容。相反，它使求解器能够允许已安装的包pip满足 Conda 包的依赖关系要求。请注意，该选项与Pip互操作性有关（与 PyPI 不同），并且包是否来自 PyPI、GitHub、本地等并不重要。
scipy -> numpy让我们考虑一个简单的示例来说明该行为。从具有 Python 3.10 并从 PyPI 安装的以下环境开始numpy。
pip_interop.yaml
name: pip_interop
channels:
- conda-forge
dependencies:
- python=3.10
- pip
## PyPI packages
- pip:
- numpy
我们可以用它来创建
conda env create -n pip_interop -f pip_interop.yaml
并验证是否numpy来自 PyPI：
$ conda list -n pip_interop numpy
# packages in environment at /Users/user/mambaforge/envs/pip_interop:
#
# Name Version Build Channel
numpy 1.24.2 pypi_0
让我们看看安装时会发生什么scipy，特别是它如何满足其numpy依赖性。
在默认模式下，我们会看到以下行为
$ conda install -n pip_interop scipy
Collecting package metadata (current_repodata.json): done
Solving environment: done
## Package Plan ##
environment location: /Users/user/mambaforge/envs/pip_interop
added / updated specs:
- scipy
The following packages will be downloaded:
package | build
---------------------------|-----------------
cryptography-39.0.1 | py310hdd0c95c_0 1.1 MB
numpy-1.24.2 | py310h788a5b3_0 6.1 MB
scipy-1.10.0 | py310h240c617_2 20.2 MB
------------------------------------------------------------
Total: 27.4 MB
The following NEW packages will be INSTALLED:
appdirs conda-forge/noarch::appdirs-1.4.4-pyh9f0ad1d_0
brotlipy conda-forge/osx-64::brotlipy-0.7.0-py310h90acd4f_1005
certifi conda-forge/noarch::certifi-2022.12.7-pyhd8ed1ab_0
cffi conda-forge/osx-64::cffi-1.15.1-py310ha78151a_3
charset-normalizer conda-forge/noarch::charset-normalizer-2.1.1-pyhd8ed1ab_0
cryptography conda-forge/osx-64::cryptography-39.0.1-py310hdd0c95c_0
idna conda-forge/noarch::idna-3.4-pyhd8ed1ab_0
libblas conda-forge/osx-64::libblas-3.9.0-16_osx64_openblas
libcblas conda-forge/osx-64::libcblas-3.9.0-16_osx64_openblas
libcxx conda-forge/osx-64::libcxx-14.0.6-hccf4f1f_0
libgfortran conda-forge/osx-64::libgfortran-5.0.0-11_3_0_h97931a8_27
libgfortran5 conda-forge/osx-64::libgfortran5-11.3.0-h082f757_27
liblapack conda-forge/osx-64::liblapack-3.9.0-16_osx64_openblas
libopenblas conda-forge/osx-64::libopenblas-0.3.21-openmp_h429af6e_3
llvm-openmp conda-forge/osx-64::llvm-openmp-15.0.7-h61d9ccf_0
numpy conda-forge/osx-64::numpy-1.24.2-py310h788a5b3_0
packaging conda-forge/noarch::packaging-23.0-pyhd8ed1ab_0
pooch conda-forge/noarch::pooch-1.6.0-pyhd8ed1ab_0
pycparser conda-forge/noarch::pycparser-2.21-pyhd8ed1ab_0
pyopenssl conda-forge/noarch::pyopenssl-23.0.0-pyhd8ed1ab_0
pysocks conda-forge/noarch::pysocks-1.7.1-pyha2e5f31_6
python_abi conda-forge/osx-64::python_abi-3.10-3_cp310
requests conda-forge/noarch::requests-2.28.2-pyhd8ed1ab_0
scipy conda-forge/osx-64::scipy-1.10.0-py310h240c617_2
urllib3 conda-forge/noarch::urllib3-1.26.14-pyhd8ed1ab_0
Proceed ([y]/n)?
请注意，尽管numpy已经安装在环境中，Conda 还是建议将其替换为 Conda 版本。也就是说，只考虑其中的信息conda-meta/来确定软件包是否已安装，而不会检查环境的lib/python3.10/site-packages/.
现在我们在打开的情况下尝试一下pip_interop_enabled：
$ CONDA_PIP_INTEROP_ENABLED=1 conda install -n foo scipy
Collecting package metadata (current_repodata.json): done
Solving environment: done
## Package Plan ##
environment location: /Users/user/mambaforge/envs/pip_interop
added / updated specs:
- scipy
The following packages will be downloaded:
package | build
---------------------------|-----------------
cryptography-39.0.1 | py310hdd0c95c_0 1.1 MB
scipy-1.10.0 | py310h240c617_2 20.2 MB
------------------------------------------------------------
Total: 21.3 MB
The following NEW packages will be INSTALLED:
appdirs conda-forge/noarch::appdirs-1.4.4-pyh9f0ad1d_0
brotlipy conda-forge/osx-64::brotlipy-0.7.0-py310h90acd4f_1005
certifi conda-forge/noarch::certifi-2022.12.7-pyhd8ed1ab_0
cffi conda-forge/osx-64::cffi-1.15.1-py310ha78151a_3
charset-normalizer conda-forge/noarch::charset-normalizer-2.1.1-pyhd8ed1ab_0
cryptography conda-forge/osx-64::cryptography-39.0.1-py310hdd0c95c_0
idna conda-forge/noarch::idna-3.4-pyhd8ed1ab_0
libblas conda-forge/osx-64::libblas-3.9.0-16_osx64_openblas
libcblas conda-forge/osx-64::libcblas-3.9.0-16_osx64_openblas
libcxx conda-forge/osx-64::libcxx-14.0.6-hccf4f1f_0
libgfortran conda-forge/osx-64::libgfortran-5.0.0-11_3_0_h97931a8_27
libgfortran5 conda-forge/osx-64::libgfortran5-11.3.0-h082f757_27
liblapack conda-forge/osx-64::liblapack-3.9.0-16_osx64_openblas
libopenblas conda-forge/osx-64::libopenblas-0.3.21-openmp_h429af6e_3
llvm-openmp conda-forge/osx-64::llvm-openmp-15.0.7-h61d9ccf_0
packaging conda-forge/noarch::packaging-23.0-pyhd8ed1ab_0
pooch conda-forge/noarch::pooch-1.6.0-pyhd8ed1ab_0
pycparser conda-forge/noarch::pycparser-2.21-pyhd8ed1ab_0
pyopenssl conda-forge/noarch::pyopenssl-23.0.0-pyhd8ed1ab_0
pysocks conda-forge/noarch::pysocks-1.7.1-pyha2e5f31_6
python_abi conda-forge/osx-64::python_abi-3.10-3_cp310
requests conda-forge/noarch::requests-2.28.2-pyhd8ed1ab_0
scipy conda-forge/osx-64::scipy-1.10.0-py310h240c617_2
urllib3 conda-forge/noarch::urllib3-1.26.14-pyhd8ed1ab_0
Proceed ([y]/n)?
请注意，现在numpy不建议替换，这是因为现有pip安装的版本被认为能够满足依赖性。
可能有多种原因导致该技术在几年后仍处于实验阶段。一个重要原因是 Conda 仅针对依赖项的 Conda 构建来测试其包构建。因此，它不能保证包在功能上是可互换的。
此外，Conda 包通常会引入非 Python 依赖项。轮部署有所增加，这是 PyPI 的方法，但并不普遍。仍然有许多“包装器”软件包，其中 PyPI 版本假设某些二进制文件位于 PATH 上，而 Conda 软件包的安装保证也安装了二进制文件。
另一个重要问题是 PyPI-Conda 名称映射定义不明确。也就是说，PyPI 中的包名称可能与其 Conda 包名称不对应。当名称不同时，这可能会直接导致神秘的问题。pip具体来说，当名称不匹配时，Conda 将无法正确识别已安装的软件包是否满足要求。因此，互操作性的应用方式存在一些意想不到的异质性。
torch与pytorch在Python生态系统中，该torch模块由PyPI包提供torch。然而，PyPI 中的包在 Conda 通道上torch运行。pytorch
以下是这如何导致不一致的行为。让我们从 PyPI 安装开始torch：
pip_interop.yaml
name: pip_interop
channels:
- conda-forge
dependencies:
- python=3.10
- pip
## PyPI packages
- pip:
- torch
创建：
conda env create -n pip_interop -f pip_interop.yaml
现在，如果我们torchvision从 Conda 安装，即使打开了pip_interop_enabled，我们也会得到：
$ CONDA_PIP_INTEROP_ENABLED=1 conda install -n pip_interop torchvision
Collecting package metadata (current_repodata.json): done
Solving environment: done
## Package Plan ##
environment location: /Users/user/mambaforge/envs/pip_interop
added / updated specs:
- torchvision
The following packages will be downloaded:
package | build
---------------------------|-----------------
cryptography-39.0.1 | py310hdd0c95c_0 1.1 MB
jpeg-9e | hb7f2c08_3 226 KB
libprotobuf-3.21.12 | hbc0c0cd_0 1.8 MB
mkl-2022.2.1 | h44ed08c_16952 113.1 MB
numpy-1.24.2 | py310h788a5b3_0 6.1 MB
pillow-9.4.0 | py310h306a057_1 44.1 MB
pytorch-1.13.1 |cpu_py310h2bbf33f_1 56.9 MB
sleef-3.5.1 | h6db0672_2 1.0 MB
torchvision-0.14.1 |cpu_py310hd5ee960_0 5.9 MB
------------------------------------------------------------
Total: 230.1 MB
The following NEW packages will be INSTALLED:
brotlipy conda-forge/osx-64::brotlipy-0.7.0-py310h90acd4f_1005
certifi conda-forge/noarch::certifi-2022.12.7-pyhd8ed1ab_0
cffi conda-forge/osx-64::cffi-1.15.1-py310ha78151a_3
charset-normalizer conda-forge/noarch::charset-normalizer-2.1.1-pyhd8ed1ab_0
cryptography conda-forge/osx-64::cryptography-39.0.1-py310hdd0c95c_0
freetype conda-forge/osx-64::freetype-2.12.1-h3f81eb7_1
idna conda-forge/noarch::idna-3.4-pyhd8ed1ab_0
jpeg conda-forge/osx-64::jpeg-9e-hb7f2c08_3
lcms2 conda-forge/osx-64::lcms2-2.14-h29502cd_1
lerc conda-forge/osx-64::lerc-4.0.0-hb486fe8_0
libblas conda-forge/osx-64::libblas-3.9.0-16_osx64_openblas
libcblas conda-forge/osx-64::libcblas-3.9.0-16_osx64_openblas
libcxx conda-forge/osx-64::libcxx-14.0.6-hccf4f1f_0
libdeflate conda-forge/osx-64::libdeflate-1.17-hac1461d_0
libgfortran conda-forge/osx-64::libgfortran-5.0.0-11_3_0_h97931a8_27
libgfortran5 conda-forge/osx-64::libgfortran5-11.3.0-h082f757_27
liblapack conda-forge/osx-64::liblapack-3.9.0-16_osx64_openblas
libopenblas conda-forge/osx-64::libopenblas-0.3.21-openmp_h429af6e_3
libpng conda-forge/osx-64::libpng-1.6.39-ha978bb4_0
libprotobuf conda-forge/osx-64::libprotobuf-3.21.12-hbc0c0cd_0
libtiff conda-forge/osx-64::libtiff-4.5.0-hee9004a_2
libwebp-base conda-forge/osx-64::libwebp-base-1.2.4-h775f41a_0
libxcb conda-forge/osx-64::libxcb-1.13-h0d85af4_1004
llvm-openmp conda-forge/osx-64::llvm-openmp-15.0.7-h61d9ccf_0
mkl conda-forge/osx-64::mkl-2022.2.1-h44ed08c_16952
numpy conda-forge/osx-64::numpy-1.24.2-py310h788a5b3_0
openjpeg conda-forge/osx-64::openjpeg-2.5.0-h13ac156_2
pillow conda-forge/osx-64::pillow-9.4.0-py310h306a057_1
pthread-stubs conda-forge/osx-64::pthread-stubs-0.4-hc929b4f_1001
pycparser conda-forge/noarch::pycparser-2.21-pyhd8ed1ab_0
pyopenssl conda-forge/noarch::pyopenssl-23.0.0-pyhd8ed1ab_0
pysocks conda-forge/noarch::pysocks-1.7.1-pyha2e5f31_6
python_abi conda-forge/osx-64::python_abi-3.10-3_cp310
pytorch conda-forge/osx-64::pytorch-1.13.1-cpu_py310h2bbf33f_1
requests conda-forge/noarch::requests-2.28.2-pyhd8ed1ab_0
sleef conda-forge/osx-64::sleef-3.5.1-h6db0672_2
tbb conda-forge/osx-64::tbb-2021.7.0-hb8565cd_1
torchvision conda-forge/osx-64::torchvision-0.14.1-cpu_py310hd5ee960_0
typing_extensions conda-forge/noarch::typing_extensions-4.4.0-pyha770c72_0
urllib3 conda-forge/noarch::urllib3-1.26.14-pyhd8ed1ab_0
xorg-libxau conda-forge/osx-64::xorg-libxau-1.0.9-h35c211d_0
xorg-libxdmcp conda-forge/osx-64::xorg-libxdmcp-1.1.3-h35c211d_0
zstd conda-forge/osx-64::zstd-1.5.2-hbc0c0cd_6
Proceed ([y]/n)?
也就是说，Conda 仍然尝试安装pytorch，这意味着它将导致从 PyPI 安装的现有包被破坏torch。这有可能将损坏版本的包中的残留文件与损坏版本混合在一起。
基本上，这是未定义的行为，Conda 软件可能不会向您提供有关潜在问题的任何警告。
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