Selenium 在 Colab 上使用 chrome 意外退出

Question

我在 google colab 中使用 selenium chromedriver 一段时间了。
今天我开始工作，我遇到了以前从未出现过的错误。
我想知道这个错误是否与 chromedriver 版本有关。

---

这是今天的安装日志

!apt-get update
!apt install -y chromium-chromedriver


Get:1  focal-updates/main amd64 apparmor amd64 2.13.3-7ubuntu5.1 [494 kB]
Get:2  focal/main amd64 liblzo2-2 amd64 2.10-2 [50.8 kB]
Get:3  focal-updates/main amd64 squashfs-tools amd64 1:4.4-1ubuntu0.3 [117 kB]
Get:4  focal-updates/main amd64 snapd amd64 2.57.5+20.04ubuntu0.1 [37.6 MB]
Get:5  focal-updates/universe amd64 chromium-browser amd64 1:85.0.4183.83-0ubuntu0.20.04.2 [48.3 kB]
Get:6  focal-updates/universe amd64 chromium-chromedriver amd64 1:85.0.4183.83-0ubuntu0.20.04.2 
...
...
(Reading database ... 129791 files and directories currently installed.)
Preparing to unpack .../chromium-browser_1%3a85.0.4183.83-0ubuntu0.20.04.2_amd64.deb ...
=> Installing the chromium snap
==> Checking connectivity with the snap store
===> System doesn't have a working snapd, skipping
Unpacking chromium-browser (1:85.0.4183.83-0ubuntu0.20.04.2) ...
Selecting previously unselected package chromium-chromedriver.
Preparing to unpack .../chromium-chromedriver_1%3a85.0.4183.83-0ubuntu0.20.04.2_amd64.deb ...
Unpacking chromium-chromedriver (1:85.0.4183.83-0ubuntu0.20.04.2) ...
Setting up chromium-browser (1:85.0.4183.83-0ubuntu0.20.04.2) ...
update-alternatives: using /usr/bin/chromium-browser to provide /usr/bin/x-www-browser (x-www-browser) in auto mode
update-alternatives: using /usr/bin/chromium-browser to provide /usr/bin/gnome-www-browser (gnome-www-browser) in auto mode
Setting up chromium-chromedriver (1:85.0.4183.83-0ubuntu0.20.04.2) ...
Processing triggers for mime-support (3.64ubuntu1) ...
Processing triggers for hicolor-icon-theme (0.17-2) ...
Processing triggers for libc-bin (2.31-0ubuntu9.9) ...
Processing triggers for systemd (245.4-4ubuntu3.19) ...
Processing triggers for man-db (2.9.1-1) ...
Processing triggers for dbus (1.12.16-2ubuntu2.3) ...

---

这是昨天的安装日志

Get:1  bionic-updates/universe amd64 chromium-codecs-ffmpeg-extra amd64 108.0.5359.71-0ubuntu0.18.04.5 [1,159 kB]
Get:2  bionic-updates/universe amd64 chromium-browser amd64 108.0.5359.71-0ubuntu0.18.04.5 [83.6 MB]
Get:3  bionic-updates/universe amd64 chromium-browser-l10n all 108.0.5359.71-0ubuntu0.18.04.5 [5,230 kB]
Get:4  bionic-updates/universe amd64 chromium-chromedriver amd64 108.0.5359.71-0ubuntu0.18.04.5 [5,594 kB]
...
...
Setting up chromium-chromedriver (108.0.5359.71-0ubuntu0.18.04.5) ...
Setting up chromium-browser-l10n (108.0.5359.71-0ubuntu0.18.04.5) ...
Processing triggers for man-db (2.8.3-2ubuntu0.1) ...
Processing triggers for hicolor-icon-theme (0.17-2) ...
Processing triggers for mime-support (3.60ubuntu1) ...
Processing triggers for libc-bin (2.27-3ubuntu1.6) ...

---

我发现colab系统从18.04更新到了ubuntu 20.04。
这就是chromedriver无法使用的原因吗？
我该怎么做才能解决这个问题？
谢谢。

Answer 1

这些日志消息...

Get:1  bionic-updates/universe amd64 chromium-codecs-ffmpeg-extra amd64 108.0.5359.71-0ubuntu0.18.04.5 [1,159 kB]
Get:2  bionic-updates/universe amd64 chromium-browser amd64 108.0.5359.71-0ubuntu0.18.04.5 [83.6 MB]
Get:3  bionic-updates/universe amd64 chromium-browser-l10n all 108.0.5359.71-0ubuntu0.18.04.5 [5,230 kB]
Get:4  bionic-updates/universe amd64 chromium-chromedriver amd64 108.0.5359.71-0ubuntu0.18.04.5 [5,594 kB]
...
...
Setting up chromium-chromedriver (108.0.5359.71-0ubuntu0.18.04.5) ...
Setting up chromium-browser-l10n (108.0.5359.71-0ubuntu0.18.04.5) ...
Processing triggers for man-db (2.8.3-2ubuntu0.1) ...
Processing triggers for hicolor-icon-theme (0.17-2) ...
Processing triggers for mime-support (3.60ubuntu1) ...
Processing triggers for libc-bin (2.27-3ubuntu1.6) ...

v18.04 ...是最近 colab 系统从ubuntu更新到 ubuntu 时引发的问题的结果20.04 LTS。

快速解决

@mco-gh按照 的指导（详细信息如下）创建了一个新笔记本@metrizable，目前该笔记本工作正常： https ://colab.research.google.com/drive/1cbEvuZOhkouYLda3RqiwtbM-o9hxGLyC

细节

在讨论尝试在 Colab 中使用 Chromedriver 时的问题 @EvanWiederspan中明确提到：

我们最近升级了Ubuntu版本，这可能是导致这个问题的原因。连接到运行时后，您可以尝试从命令选项板运行“使用后备运行时版本”（ctrl + shift + p）

@metrizable他在评论中进一步澄清：

我了解您希望在 Ubuntu 20.04 LTS 下将 selenium 与 chromium-browser 一起使用。虽然 YMMV，由于 Ubuntu 20.04+ 不再在 snap 包之外分发 chromium-browser，您可以从 Debian buster 存储库安装兼容版本

示例代码：

%%shell
# Ubuntu no longer distributes chromium-browser outside of snap
#
# Proposed solution: https://askubuntu.com/questions/1204571/how-to-install-chromium-without-snap

# Add debian buster
cat > /etc/apt/sources.list.d/debian.list <<'EOF'
deb [arch=amd64 signed-by=/usr/share/keyrings/debian-buster.gpg] http://deb.debian.org/debian buster main
deb [arch=amd64 signed-by=/usr/share/keyrings/debian-buster-updates.gpg] http://deb.debian.org/debian buster-updates main
deb [arch=amd64 signed-by=/usr/share/keyrings/debian-security-buster.gpg] http://deb.debian.org/debian-security buster/updates main
EOF

# Add keys
apt-key adv --keyserver keyserver.ubuntu.com --recv-keys DCC9EFBF77E11517
apt-key adv --keyserver keyserver.ubuntu.com --recv-keys 648ACFD622F3D138
apt-key adv --keyserver keyserver.ubuntu.com --recv-keys 112695A0E562B32A

apt-key export 77E11517 | gpg --dearmour -o /usr/share/keyrings/debian-buster.gpg
apt-key export 22F3D138 | gpg --dearmour -o /usr/share/keyrings/debian-buster-updates.gpg
apt-key export E562B32A | gpg --dearmour -o /usr/share/keyrings/debian-security-buster.gpg

# Prefer debian repo for chromium* packages only
# Note the double-blank lines between entries
cat > /etc/apt/preferences.d/chromium.pref << 'EOF'
Package: *
Pin: release a=eoan
Pin-Priority: 500


Package: *
Pin: origin "deb.debian.org"
Pin-Priority: 300


Package: chromium*
Pin: origin "deb.debian.org"
Pin-Priority: 700
EOF

# Install chromium and chromium-driver
apt-get update
apt-get install chromium chromium-driver

# Install selenium
pip install selenium

笔记

通常，以下代码行也会安装快照：

sudo apt install chromium-chromedriver

如果没有，您必须使用以下命令手动安装快照：

sudo snap install chromium