Mys*_*ial 63
这是我从一个更大的项目中抽出的一段实际代码.(对不起,这是我能找到的最短的一个,它具有预取的显着加速.)此代码执行非常大的数据转置.
此示例使用SSE预取指令,该指令可能与GCC发出的指令相同.
要运行此示例,您需要为x64编译它并具有超过4GB的内存.您可以使用较小的数据量运行它,但它会太快.
#include <iostream>
using std::cout;
using std::endl;
#include <emmintrin.h>
#include <malloc.h>
#include <time.h>
#include <string.h>
#define ENABLE_PREFETCH
#define f_vector __m128d
#define i_ptr size_t
inline void swap_block(f_vector *A,f_vector *B,i_ptr L){
// To be super-optimized later.
f_vector *stop = A + L;
do{
f_vector tmpA = *A;
f_vector tmpB = *B;
*A++ = tmpB;
*B++ = tmpA;
}while (A < stop);
}
void transpose_even(f_vector *T,i_ptr block,i_ptr x){
// Transposes T.
// T contains x columns and x rows.
// Each unit is of size (block * sizeof(f_vector)) bytes.
//Conditions:
// - 0 < block
// - 1 < x
i_ptr row_size = block * x;
i_ptr iter_size = row_size + block;
// End of entire matrix.
f_vector *stop_T = T + row_size * x;
f_vector *end = stop_T - row_size;
// Iterate each row.
f_vector *y_iter = T;
do{
// Iterate each column.
f_vector *ptr_x = y_iter + block;
f_vector *ptr_y = y_iter + row_size;
do{
#ifdef ENABLE_PREFETCH
_mm_prefetch((char*)(ptr_y + row_size),_MM_HINT_T0);
#endif
swap_block(ptr_x,ptr_y,block);
ptr_x += block;
ptr_y += row_size;
}while (ptr_y < stop_T);
y_iter += iter_size;
}while (y_iter < end);
}
int main(){
i_ptr dimension = 4096;
i_ptr block = 16;
i_ptr words = block * dimension * dimension;
i_ptr bytes = words * sizeof(f_vector);
cout << "bytes = " << bytes << endl;
// system("pause");
f_vector *T = (f_vector*)_mm_malloc(bytes,16);
if (T == NULL){
cout << "Memory Allocation Failure" << endl;
system("pause");
exit(1);
}
memset(T,0,bytes);
// Perform in-place data transpose
cout << "Starting Data Transpose... ";
clock_t start = clock();
transpose_even(T,block,dimension);
clock_t end = clock();
cout << "Done" << endl;
cout << "Time: " << (double)(end - start) / CLOCKS_PER_SEC << " seconds" << endl;
_mm_free(T);
system("pause");
}
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当我在启用ENABLE_PREFETCH的情况下运行它时,这是输出:
bytes = 4294967296
Starting Data Transpose... Done
Time: 0.725 seconds
Press any key to continue . . .
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当我在禁用ENABLE_PREFETCH的情况下运行它时,这是输出:
bytes = 4294967296
Starting Data Transpose... Done
Time: 0.822 seconds
Press any key to continue . . .
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因此预取的速度提高了13%.
编辑:
这里有更多结果:
Operating System: Windows 7 Professional/Ultimate
Compiler: Visual Studio 2010 SP1
Compile Mode: x64 Release
Intel Core i7 860 @ 2.8 GHz, 8 GB DDR3 @ 1333 MHz
Prefetch : 0.868
No Prefetch: 0.960
Intel Core i7 920 @ 3.5 GHz, 12 GB DDR3 @ 1333 MHz
Prefetch : 0.725
No Prefetch: 0.822
Intel Core i7 2600K @ 4.6 GHz, 16 GB DDR3 @ 1333 MHz
Prefetch : 0.718
No Prefetch: 0.796
2 x Intel Xeon X5482 @ 3.2 GHz, 64 GB DDR2 @ 800 MHz
Prefetch : 2.273
No Prefetch: 2.666
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Jam*_*ven 34
二进制搜索是一个可以从显式预取中受益的简单示例.二进制搜索中的访问模式对于硬件预取器来说几乎是随机的,因此它几乎不可能准确地预测要获取的内容.
在这个例子中,我预取了当前迭代中下一个循环迭代的两个可能的"中间"位置.其中一个预取可能永远不会被使用,但另一个将被使用(除非这是最后的迭代).
#include <time.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
int binarySearch(int *array, int number_of_elements, int key) {
int low = 0, high = number_of_elements-1, mid;
while(low <= high) {
mid = (low + high)/2;
#ifdef DO_PREFETCH
// low path
__builtin_prefetch (&array[(mid + 1 + high)/2], 0, 1);
// high path
__builtin_prefetch (&array[(low + mid - 1)/2], 0, 1);
#endif
if(array[mid] < key)
low = mid + 1;
else if(array[mid] == key)
return mid;
else if(array[mid] > key)
high = mid-1;
}
return -1;
}
int main() {
int SIZE = 1024*1024*512;
int *array = malloc(SIZE*sizeof(int));
for (int i=0;i<SIZE;i++){
array[i] = i;
}
int NUM_LOOKUPS = 1024*1024*8;
srand(time(NULL));
int *lookups = malloc(NUM_LOOKUPS * sizeof(int));
for (int i=0;i<NUM_LOOKUPS;i++){
lookups[i] = rand() % SIZE;
}
for (int i=0;i<NUM_LOOKUPS;i++){
int result = binarySearch(array, SIZE, lookups[i]);
}
free(array);
free(lookups);
}
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当我在启用DO_PREFETCH的情况下编译并运行此示例时,我发现运行时减少了20%:
$ gcc c-binarysearch.c -DDO_PREFETCH -o with-prefetch -std=c11 -O3
$ gcc c-binarysearch.c -o no-prefetch -std=c11 -O3
$ perf stat -e L1-dcache-load-misses,L1-dcache-loads ./with-prefetch
Performance counter stats for './with-prefetch':
356,675,702 L1-dcache-load-misses # 41.39% of all L1-dcache hits
861,807,382 L1-dcache-loads
8.787467487 seconds time elapsed
$ perf stat -e L1-dcache-load-misses,L1-dcache-loads ./no-prefetch
Performance counter stats for './no-prefetch':
382,423,177 L1-dcache-load-misses # 97.36% of all L1-dcache hits
392,799,791 L1-dcache-loads
11.376439030 seconds time elapsed
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请注意,我们在预取版本中执行了两倍的L1缓存加载.我们实际上做了很多工作,但内存访问模式对管道更友好.这也显示了权衡.虽然这段代码在隔离时运行得更快,但我们已经在缓存中加载了大量垃圾,这可能会给应用程序的其他部分带来更大的压力.
我从@JamesScriven 和@Mystical 提供的优秀答案中学到了很多。但是,他们的示例仅提供了适度的提升 - 这个答案的目的是提供一个(我必须承认有些人为的)示例,其中预取具有更大的影响(在我的机器上大约是因子 4)。
现代架构存在三个可能的瓶颈:CPU 速度、内存带宽和内存延迟。预取就是减少内存访问的延迟。
在一个完美的场景中,延迟对应于 X 个计算步骤,我们将有一个预言机,它会告诉我们我们将在 X 个计算步骤中访问哪些内存,将启动此数据的预取,并且它会刚好到达-时间 X 计算步骤稍后。
对于许多算法,我们(几乎)处于这个完美世界中。对于一个简单的 for 循环,很容易预测 X 步之后需要哪些数据。乱序执行和其他硬件技巧在这里做得很好,几乎完全隐藏了延迟。
这就是为什么@Mystical 的示例有如此适度改进的原因:预取器已经非常好 - 改进的空间不大。该任务也受内存限制,因此可能没有多少带宽剩余 - 它可能成为限制因素。我的机器最多可以看到大约 8% 的改进。
来自@JamesScriven 示例的关键见解:在从内存中获取当前数据之前,我们和 CPU 都不知道下一个访问地址 - 这种依赖性非常重要,否则无序执行将导致向前看并且硬件将能够预取数据。但是,因为我们只能推测一步,所以潜力不大。我无法在我的机器上获得超过 40% 的数据。
那么让我们来操纵比赛并以这样一种方式准备数据,即我们知道在 X 步中访问了哪个地址,但由于依赖于尚未访问的数据而使硬件无法找到它(请参阅最后的整个程序答案):
//making random accesses to memory:
unsigned int next(unsigned int current){
return (current*10001+328)%SIZE;
}
//the actual work is happening here
void operator()(){
//set up the oracle - let see it in the future oracle_offset steps
unsigned int prefetch_index=0;
for(int i=0;i<oracle_offset;i++)
prefetch_index=next(prefetch_index);
unsigned int index=0;
for(int i=0;i<STEP_CNT;i++){
//use oracle and prefetch memory block used in a future iteration
if(prefetch){
__builtin_prefetch(mem.data()+prefetch_index,0,1);
}
//actual work, the less the better
result+=mem[index];
//prepare next iteration
prefetch_index=next(prefetch_index); #update oracle
index=next(mem[index]); #dependency on `mem[index]` is VERY important to prevent hardware from predicting future
}
}
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一些备注:
CPU-time+original-latency-time/CPU-time.编制和执行线索:
>>> g++ -std=c++11 prefetch_demo.cpp -O3 -o prefetch_demo
>>> ./prefetch_demo
#preloops time no prefetch time prefetch factor
...
7 1.0711102260000001 0.230566831 4.6455521002498408
8 1.0511602149999999 0.22651144600000001 4.6406494398521474
9 1.049024333 0.22841439299999999 4.5926367389641687
....
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到 4 到 5 之间的加速。
清单prefetch_demp.cpp:
//prefetch_demo.cpp
#include <vector>
#include <iostream>
#include <iomanip>
#include <chrono>
const int SIZE=1024*1024*1;
const int STEP_CNT=1024*1024*10;
unsigned int next(unsigned int current){
return (current*10001+328)%SIZE;
}
template<bool prefetch>
struct Worker{
std::vector<int> mem;
double result;
int oracle_offset;
void operator()(){
unsigned int prefetch_index=0;
for(int i=0;i<oracle_offset;i++)
prefetch_index=next(prefetch_index);
unsigned int index=0;
for(int i=0;i<STEP_CNT;i++){
//prefetch memory block used in a future iteration
if(prefetch){
__builtin_prefetch(mem.data()+prefetch_index,0,1);
}
//actual work:
result+=mem[index];
//prepare next iteration
prefetch_index=next(prefetch_index);
index=next(mem[index]);
}
}
Worker(std::vector<int> &mem_):
mem(mem_), result(0.0), oracle_offset(0)
{}
};
template <typename Worker>
double timeit(Worker &worker){
auto begin = std::chrono::high_resolution_clock::now();
worker();
auto end = std::chrono::high_resolution_clock::now();
return std::chrono::duration_cast<std::chrono::nanoseconds>(end-begin).count()/1e9;
}
int main() {
//set up the data in special way!
std::vector<int> keys(SIZE);
for (int i=0;i<SIZE;i++){
keys[i] = i;
}
Worker<false> without_prefetch(keys);
Worker<true> with_prefetch(keys);
std::cout<<"#preloops\ttime no prefetch\ttime prefetch\tfactor\n";
std::cout<<std::setprecision(17);
for(int i=0;i<20;i++){
//let oracle see i steps in the future:
without_prefetch.oracle_offset=i;
with_prefetch.oracle_offset=i;
//calculate:
double time_with_prefetch=timeit(with_prefetch);
double time_no_prefetch=timeit(without_prefetch);
std::cout<<i<<"\t"
<<time_no_prefetch<<"\t"
<<time_with_prefetch<<"\t"
<<(time_no_prefetch/time_with_prefetch)<<"\n";
}
}
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