std::sort 导致段错误

Question

我编写了一个程序，使用 a 计算字符串出现的次数std::unordered_map，然后将值从映射复制到 astd::vector并调用std::sort首先按计数排序，然后按字符串排序。

请参阅下面的代码。请原谅一长串字符串。我无法快速找到可以重现该行为的较短列表。

编译器资源管理器同意 GCC 10 及更高版本的段错误。

这是编译器错误还是我在这里遗漏了一些明显的东西？

#include <unordered_map>
#include <vector>
#include <algorithm>
#include <string>

int main(int argc, char** argv) {
  std::unordered_map<
    std::string,
    int
  > terms;

  std::vector<const char*> input {
"Head", "of", "Data", "News", "UK", "We", "are", "News", "UK", "is", "a",
"great", "company", "full", "talented", "and", "creative", "people", "We",
"are", "an", "organisation", "that", "holds", "journalism", "at", "its",
"very", "heart", "Our", "newspapers", "and", "digital", "products",
"include", "some", "of", "the", "most", "powerful", "media", "brands", "in",
"the", "English", "speaking", "world:", "the", "Times", "The", "Sunday",
"Times", "and", "The", "Sun", "reaching", "30", "million", "people", "each",
"week", "Despite", "differences", "in", "audience", "and", "content", "our",
"brands", "are", "united", "by", "a", "commitment", "to", "independent",
"journalism", "that", "connects", "our", "customers"
  };

  for (const char* str : input) {
    ++terms[str];
  }

  std::vector<std::pair<std::string,int>> order;
  order.reserve(terms.size());
  for (const auto& [ term, n ] : terms)
    order.emplace_back(term,n);

  std::sort(order.begin(), order.end(),
    [](const auto& a, const auto& b) -> bool {
      if (a.second > b.second) return true;
      return a.first < b.first;
    }
  );
}

这是 gdb 的输出：

Program received signal SIGSEGV, Segmentation fault.
__memcmp_evex_movbe () at ../sysdeps/x86_64/multiarch/memcmp-evex-movbe.S:118
118     VMOVU_MASK (%rsi), %YMM2{%k2}
(gdb) bt
#0  __memcmp_evex_movbe () at ../sysdeps/x86_64/multiarch/memcmp-evex-movbe.S:118
#1  0x00007ffff7d4d7ad in std::char_traits<char>::compare (__n=<optimized out>, __s2=<optimized out>, __s1=<optimized out>)
    at /usr/src/debug/gcc-build/x86_64-pc-linux-gnu/libstdc++-v3/include/bits/char_traits.h:385
#2  std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >::compare (this=<optimized out>, __str=...)
    at /usr/src/debug/gcc-build/x86_64-pc-linux-gnu/libstdc++-v3/include/bits/basic_string.h:3148
#3  0x000055555555b408 in std::operator< <char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > (__lhs="Data", __rhs=<error: Cannot access memory at address 0x72656d6f74737563>)
    at /usr/include/c++/12.1.0/bits/basic_string.h:3694
#4  0x00005555555573e2 in operator()<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char>, int>, std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char>, int> > (__closure=0x7fffffffd9f7, a={...}, b={...}) at test.cc:108
#5  0x000055555555744b in __gnu_cxx::__ops::_Val_comp_iter<main(int, char**)::<lambda(const auto:1&, const auto:2&)> >::operator()<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char>, int>, __gnu_cxx::__normal_iterator<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char>, int>*, std::vector<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char>, int> > > >(std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, int> &, __gnu_cxx::__normal_iterator<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, int>*, std::vector<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, int>, std::allocator<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, int> > > >) (this=0x7fffffffd9f7, __val={...},
  __it={first = <error: Cannot access memory at address 0x72656d6f74737563>, second = 2449}) at /usr/include/c++/12.1.0/bits/predefined_ops.h:240
#6  0x0000555555557096 in std::__unguarded_linear_insert<__gnu_cxx::__normal_iterator<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char>, int>*, std::vector<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char>, int> > >, __gnu_cxx::__ops::_Val_comp_iter<main(int, char**)::<lambda(const auto:1&, const auto:2&)> > >(__gnu_cxx::__normal_iterator<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, int>*, std::vector<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, int>, std::allocator<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, int> > > >, __gnu_cxx::__ops::_Val_comp_iter<main(int, char**)::<lambda(const auto:1&, const auto:2&)> >) (__last={first = "", second = 3}, __comp=...) at /usr/include/c++/12.1.0/bits/stl_algo.h:1789
#7  0x0000555555556c28 in std::__unguarded_insertion_sort<__gnu_cxx::__normal_iterator<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char>, int>*, std::vector<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char>, int> > >, __gnu_cxx::__ops::_Iter_comp_iter<main(int, char**)::<lambda(const auto:1&, const auto:2&)> > >(__gnu_cxx::__normal_iterator<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, int>*, std::vector<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, int>, std::allocator<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, int> > > >, __gnu_cxx::__normal_iterator<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, int>*, std::vector<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, int>, std::allocator<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, int> > > >, __gnu_cxx::__ops::_Iter_comp_iter<main(int, char**)::<lambda(const auto:1&, const auto:2&)> >) (__first={first = "an", second = 1}, __last={first = "", second = 0}, __comp=...) at /usr/include/c++/12.1.0/bits/stl_algo.h:1830
#8  0x000055555555695b in std::__final_insertion_sort<__gnu_cxx::__normal_iterator<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char>, int>*, std::vector<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char>, int> > >, __gnu_cxx::__ops::_Iter_comp_iter<main(int, char**)::<lambda(const auto:1&, const auto:2&)> > >(__gnu_cxx::__normal_iterator<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, int>*, std::vector<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, int>, std::allocator<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, int> > > >, __gnu_cxx::__normal_iterator<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, int>*, std::vector<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, int>, std::allocator<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, int> > > >, __gnu_cxx::__ops::_Iter_comp_iter<main(int, char**)::<lambda(const auto:1&, const auto:2&)> >) (__first={first = "", second = 3}, __last={first = "", second = 0}, __comp=...) at /usr/include/c++/12.1.0/bits/stl_algo.h:1850
#9  0x0000555555556806 in std::__sort<__gnu_cxx::__normal_iterator<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char>, int>*, std::vector<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char>, int> > >, __gnu_cxx::__ops::_Iter_comp_iter<main(int, char**)::<lambda(const auto:1&, const auto:2&)> > >(__gnu_cxx::__normal_iterator<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, int>*, std::vector<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, int>, std::allocator<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, int> > > >, __gnu_cxx::__normal_iterator<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, int>*, std::vector<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, int>, std::allocator<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, int> > > >, __gnu_cxx::__ops::_Iter_comp_iter<main(int, char**)::<lambda(const auto:1&, const auto:2&)> >) (__first={first = "", second = 3}, __last={first = "", second = 0}, __comp=...) at /usr/include/c++/12.1.0/bits/stl_algo.h:1940
#10 0x0000555555556751 in std::sort<__gnu_cxx::__normal_iterator<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char>, int>*, std::vector<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char>, int> > >, main(int, char**)::<lambda(const auto:1&, const auto:2&)> >(__gnu_cxx::__normal_iterator<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, int>*, std::vector<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, int>, std::allocator<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, int> > > >, __gnu_cxx::__normal_iterator<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, int>*, std::vector<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, int>, std::allocator<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, int> > > >, struct {...}) (__first={first = "", second = 3}, __last={first = "", second = 0}, __comp=...)
    at /usr/include/c++/12.1.0/bits/stl_algo.h:4853
#11 0x000055555555665c in main (argc=1, argv=0x7fffffffdfc8) at test.cc:105

Answer 1

    [](const auto& a, const auto& b) -> bool {
      if (a.second > b.second) return true;
      return a.first < b.first;
    }

该比较器函数违反了严格弱排序比较器的要求。为了清楚起见，我将使用两个int值，而不是一个 int 和一个字符串，因为这使问题更容易理解，但如果其中一个值是字符串，也会发生同样的情况。出于本说明的目的，比较两个 int 值与比较两个std::strings 具有相同的语义。

例如，使用以下两个值：

   a={2, 4}
   b={1, 2}

第一个将小于第二个。4 > 2并且比较器返回 true。

   a={1, 2}
   b={2, 4}

这里同样的事情。2 > 4为 false，但1 < 2为 true，因此比较器也返回 true。

最终结果：这里有两个值，每个值都小于另一个值。

正如斯波克先生所说：这不符合逻辑。

这是未定义的行为。