i33*_*36_ 20 c linux standards gcc header-files
我稍微浏览了一下 Stackoverflow 和更广泛的互联网,发现导致此错误的最常见原因是声明( int var = 1;) 和定义( int var;) 的合并,以及包含文件.c中的文件.h。
我刚刚从一个文件分成几个文件的小项目没有做任何这些事情。我很困惑。
我制作了该项目的副本,并删除了副本中的所有代码(这很有趣),直到到达这里:
#include "a.h"
int main() {
}
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#ifndef A_H
#define A_H
int test;
#endif
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#include "a.h"
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几乎是规范的,对吧?但是...
$ rm *.o; gcc -g -c a.c; gcc -g -c main.c; gcc -o main main.o a.o
/usr/bin/ld: a.o:/.../a.h:5: multiple definition of `test'; main.o:/.../a.h:5: first defined here
collect2: error: ld returned 1 exit status
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瓦特:(
大约在这个时候,我开始质疑我的配置,并尝试了另一台机器,通过 NFS 访问完全相同的文件。
$ rm *.o; gcc -g -c a.c; gcc -g -c main.c; gcc -o main main.o a.o
$ ./main
$ echo $?
0
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哦,不。我在第一台机器上坏了什么......
希望我的问题是GCC 8.3.0(工作)和GCC 10.2.1(失败)之间悄然发生的变化?也许较新版本的 GCC 默认为较新的 C 标准或其他标准,它指定了该领域的不同行为?
或者,它可能与配置相关(这都是 Debian 的库存)。gcc -dumpspecs这是两个版本的输出:
8.3.0:
$ rm *.o; gcc -g -c a.c; gcc -g -c main.c; gcc -o main main.o a.o
/usr/bin/ld: a.o:/.../a.h:5: multiple definition of `test'; main.o:/.../a.h:5: first defined here
collect2: error: ld returned 1 exit status
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10.2.1:
$ gcc --version
gcc (Debian 10.2.1-6) 10.2.1 20210110
Copyright (C) 2020 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
This is free software; see the source for copying conditions. There is NO
warranty; not even for MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.
$ gcc -dumpspecs
*asm:
%{m16|m32:--32} %{m16|m32|mx32:;:--64} %{mx32:--x32} %{msse2avx:%{!mavx:-msse2avx}}
*asm_debug:
%{%:debug-level-gt(0):%{gstabs*:--gstabs}%{!gstabs*:%{g*:--gdwarf2}}} %{fdebug-prefix-map=*:--debug-prefix-map %*}
*asm_final:
%{gsplit-dwarf:
objcopy --extract-dwo %{c:%{o*:%*}%{!o*:%b%O}}%{!c:%U%O} %{c:%{o*:%:replace-extension(%{o*:%*} .dwo)}%{!o*:%b.dwo}}%{!c:%b.dwo}
objcopy --strip-dwo %{c:%{o*:%*}%{!o*:%b%O}}%{!c:%U%O} }
*asm_options:
%{-target-help:%:print-asm-header()} %{v} %{w:-W} %{I*} %{gz|gz=zlib:--compress-debug-sections=zlib} %{gz=none:--compress-debug-sections=none} %{gz=zlib-gnu:--compress-debug-sections=zlib-gnu} %a %Y %{c:%W{o*}%{!o*:-o %w%b%O}}%{!c:-o %d%w%u%O}
*invoke_as:
%{!fwpa*: %{fcompare-debug=*|fdump-final-insns=*:%:compare-debug-dump-opt()} %{!S:-o %|.s |
as %(asm_options) %m.s %A } }
*cpp:
%{posix:-D_POSIX_SOURCE} %{pthread:-D_REENTRANT}
*cpp_options:
%(cpp_unique_options) %1 %{m*} %{std*&ansi&trigraphs} %{W*&pedantic*} %{w} %{f*} %{g*:%{%:debug-level-gt(0):%{g*} %{!fno-working-directory:-fworking-directory}}} %{O*} %{undef} %{save-temps*:-fpch-preprocess} %(distro_defaults)
*cpp_debug_options:
%{d*}
*cpp_unique_options:
%{!Q:-quiet} %{nostdinc*} %{C} %{CC} %{v} %@{I*&F*} %{P} %I %{MD:-MD %{!o:%b.d}%{o*:%.d%*}} %{MMD:-MMD %{!o:%b.d}%{o*:%.d%*}} %{M} %{MM} %{MF*} %{MG} %{MP} %{MQ*} %{MT*} %{!E:%{!M:%{!MM:%{!MT:%{!MQ:%{MD|MMD:%{o*:-MQ %*}}}}}}} %{remap} %{g3|ggdb3|gstabs3|gxcoff3|gvms3:-dD} %{!iplugindir*:%{fplugin*:%:find-plugindir()}} %{H} %C %{D*&U*&A*} %{i*} %Z %i %{E|M|MM:%W{o*}}
*trad_capable_cpp:
cc1 -E %{traditional|traditional-cpp:-traditional-cpp}
*cc1:
%{!mandroid|tno-android-cc:%(cc1_cpu) %{profile:-p};:%(cc1_cpu) %{profile:-p} %{!mglibc:%{!muclibc:%{!mbionic: -mbionic}}} %{!fno-pic:%{!fno-PIC:%{!fpic:%{!fPIC: -fPIC}}}}}
*cc1_options:
%{pg:%{fomit-frame-pointer:%e-pg and -fomit-frame-pointer are incompatible}} %{!iplugindir*:%{fplugin*:%:find-plugindir()}} %1 %{!Q:-quiet} %{!dumpbase:-dumpbase %B} %{d*} %{m*} %{aux-info*} %{fcompare-debug-second:%:compare-debug-auxbase-opt(%b)} %{!fcompare-debug-second:%{c|S:%{o*:-auxbase-strip %*}%{!o*:-auxbase %b}}}%{!c:%{!S:-auxbase %b}} %{g*} %{O*} %{W*&pedantic*} %{w} %{std*&ansi&trigraphs} %{v:-version} %{pg:-p} %{p} %{f*} %{undef} %{Qn:-fno-ident} %{Qy:} %{-help:--help} %{-target-help:--target-help} %{-version:--version} %{-help=*:--help=%*} %{!fsyntax-only:%{S:%W{o*}%{!o*:-o %b.s}}} %{fsyntax-only:-o %j} %{-param*} %{coverage:-fprofile-arcs -ftest-coverage} %{fprofile-arcs|fprofile-generate*|coverage: %{!fprofile-update=single: %{pthread:-fprofile-update=prefer-atomic}}}
*cc1plus:
*link_gcc_c_sequence:
%{static|static-pie:--start-group} %G %{!nolibc:%L} %{static|static-pie:--end-group}%{!static:%{!static-pie:%G}}
*distro_defaults:
%{!fno-asynchronous-unwind-tables:-fasynchronous-unwind-tables}
*link_ssp:
%{fstack-protector|fstack-protector-all|fstack-protector-strong|fstack-protector-explicit:}
*endfile:
%{!mandroid|tno-android-ld:%{Ofast|ffast-math|funsafe-math-optimizations:crtfastmath.o%s} %{mpc32:crtprec32.o%s} %{mpc64:crtprec64.o%s} %{mpc80:crtprec80.o%s} %{!static:%{fvtable-verify=none:%s; fvtable-verify=preinit:vtv_end_preinit.o%s; fvtable-verify=std:vtv_end.o%s}} %{static:crtend.o%s; shared|static-pie|!no-pie:crtendS.o%s; :crtend.o%s} crtn.o%s %{fopenacc|fopenmp:crtoffloadend%O%s};:%{Ofast|ffast-math|funsafe-math-optimizations:crtfastmath.o%s} %{mpc32:crtprec32.o%s} %{mpc64:crtprec64.o%s} %{mpc80:crtprec80.o%s} %{shared: crtend_so%O%s;: crtend_android%O%s}}
*link:
%{!r:--build-id} %{!static|static-pie:--eh-frame-hdr} %{!mandroid|tno-android-ld:%{m16|m32|mx32:;:-m elf_x86_64} %{m16|m32:-m elf_i386} %{mx32:-m elf32_x86_64} --hash-style=gnu --as-needed %{shared:-shared} %{!shared: %{!static: %{!static-pie: %{rdynamic:-export-dynamic} %{m16|m32:-dynamic-linker %{muclibc:/lib/ld-uClibc.so.0;:%{mbionic:/system/bin/linker;:%{mmusl:/lib/ld-musl-i386.so.1;:/lib/ld-linux.so.2}}}} %{m16|m32|mx32:;:-dynamic-linker %{muclibc:/lib/ld64-uClibc.so.0;:%{mbionic:/system/bin/linker64;:%{mmusl:/lib/ld-musl-x86_64.so.1;:/lib64/ld-linux-x86-64.so.2}}}} %{mx32:-dynamic-linker %{muclibc:/lib/ldx32-uClibc.so.0;:%{mbionic:/system/bin/linkerx32;:%{mmusl:/lib/ld-musl-x32.so.1;:/libx32/ld-linux-x32.so.2}}}}}} %{static:-static} %{static-pie:-static -pie --no-dynamic-linker -z text}};:%{m16|m32|mx32:;:-m elf_x86_64} %{m16|m32:-m elf_i386} %{mx32:-m elf32_x86_64} --hash-style=gnu --as-needed %{shared:-shared} %{!shared: %{!static: %{!static-pie: %{rdynamic:-export-dynamic} %{m16|m32:-dynamic-linker %{muclibc:/lib/ld-uClibc.so.0;:%{mbionic:/system/bin/linker;:%{mmusl:/lib/ld-musl-i386.so.1;:/lib/ld-linux.so.2}}}} %{m16|m32|mx32:;:-dynamic-linker %{muclibc:/lib/ld64-uClibc.so.0;:%{mbionic:/system/bin/linker64;:%{mmusl:/lib/ld-musl-x86_64.so.1;:/lib64/ld-linux-x86-64.so.2}}}} %{mx32:-dynamic-linker %{muclibc:/lib/ldx32-uClibc.so.0;:%{mbionic:/system/bin/linkerx32;:%{mmusl:/lib/ld-musl-x32.so.1;:/libx32/ld-linux-x32.so.2}}}}}} %{static:-static} %{static-pie:-static -pie --no-dynamic-linker -z text}} %{shared: -Bsymbolic}}
*lib:
%{!mandroid|tno-android-ld:%{pthread:-lpthread} %{shared:-lc} %{!shared:%{profile:-lc_p}%{!profile:-lc}};:%{shared:-lc} %{!shared:%{profile:-lc_p}%{!profile:-lc}} %{!static: -ldl}}
*link_gomp:
*libgcc:
%{static|static-libgcc|static-pie:-lgcc -lgcc_eh}%{!static:%{!static-libgcc:%{!static-pie:%{!shared-libgcc:-lgcc --push-state --as-needed -lgcc_s --pop-state}%{shared-libgcc:-lgcc_s%{!shared: -lgcc}}}}}
*startfile:
%{!mandroid|tno-android-ld:%{shared:; pg|p|profile:%{static-pie:grcrt1.o%s;:gcrt1.o%s}; static:crt1.o%s; static-pie:rcrt1.o%s; !no-pie:Scrt1.o%s; :crt1.o%s} crti.o%s %{static:crtbeginT.o%s; shared|static-pie|!no-pie:crtbeginS.o%s; :crtbegin.o%s} %{fvtable-verify=none:%s; fvtable-verify=preinit:vtv_start_preinit.o%s; fvtable-verify=std:vtv_start.o%s} %{fopenacc|fopenmp:crtoffloadbegin%O%s};:%{shared: crtbegin_so%O%s;: %{static: crtbegin_static%O%s;: crtbegin_dynamic%O%s}}}
*cross_compile:
0
*version:
10.2.1
*multilib:
. !m32 !m64 !mx32;32:../lib32:i386-linux-gnu m32 !m64 !mx32;64:../lib:x86_64-linux-gnu !m32 m64 !mx32;x32:../libx32:x86_64-linux-gnux32 !m32 !m64 mx32;
*multilib_defaults:
m64
*multilib_extra:
*multilib_matches:
m32 m32;m64 m64;mx32 mx32;
*multilib_exclusions:
*multilib_options:
m32/m64/mx32
*multilib_reuse:
*linker:
collect2
*linker_plugin_file:
*lto_wrapper:
*lto_gcc:
*post_link:
*link_libgcc:
%D
*md_exec_prefix:
*md_startfile_prefix:
*md_startfile_prefix_1:
*startfile_prefix_spec:
*sysroot_spec:
--sysroot=%R
*sysroot_suffix_spec:
*sysroot_hdrs_suffix_spec:
*self_spec:
*cc1_cpu:
%{march=native:%>march=native %:local_cpu_detect(arch) %{!mtune=*:%>mtune=native %:local_cpu_detect(tune)}} %{mtune=native:%>mtune=native %:local_cpu_detect(tune)}
*link_command:
%{!fsyntax-only:%{!c:%{!M:%{!MM:%{!E:%{!S: %(linker) %{!fno-use-linker-plugin:%{!fno-lto: -plugin %(linker_plugin_file) -plugin-opt=%(lto_wrapper) -plugin-opt=-fresolution=%u.res %{flinker-output=*:-plugin-opt=-linker-output-known} %{!nostdlib:%{!nodefaultlibs:%:pass-through-libs(%(link_gcc_c_sequence))}} }}%{flto|flto=*:%<fcompare-debug*} %{flto} %{fno-lto
plu*_*ash 24
是的,行为发生了变化。
在 C 中,您应该只在一个翻译单元中定义全局变量,想要访问该变量的其他翻译单元应将其声明为“extern”。
在您的代码中,ah 包含在 ac 和 main.c 中,因此该变量被定义了两次。要解决此问题,您应该将 ah 中的“int test”更改为“extern int test”,然后将“int test”添加到 ac 以仅定义一次变量。
在 C 中,未初始化变量的全局变量定义被视为“暂定”。您可以在同一编译单元中对一个变量进行多个临时定义。标准 C 中不允许不同编译单元中的多个临时定义,但历史上 UNIX 系统上的 C 编译器允许。
默认情况下,旧版本的 gcc 允许在不同编译单元中对全局变量进行多个临时定义(但不允许多个非临时定义)。gcc-10 没有。您可以使用命令行选项“-fcommon”恢复旧的行为,但不鼓励这样做。
小智 7
您可以尝试设置 -fcommon 编译选项以忽略自 gcc-10 以来的 c 代码中的多重定义。参考:https: //gcc.gnu.org/gcc-10/porting_to.html
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