如何创建SQL Server函数以将子查询中的多行"连接"到单个分隔字段？

Question

为了说明,假设我有两个表如下:

VehicleID Name
1         Chuck
2         Larry

LocationID VehicleID City
1          1         New York
2          1         Seattle
3          1         Vancouver
4          2         Los Angeles
5          2         Houston

我想写一个查询来返回以下结果:

VehicleID Name    Locations
1         Chuck   New York, Seattle, Vancouver
2         Larry   Los Angeles, Houston

我知道这可以使用服务器端游标完成,即:

DECLARE @VehicleID int
DECLARE @VehicleName varchar(100)
DECLARE @LocationCity varchar(100)
DECLARE @Locations varchar(4000)
DECLARE @Results TABLE
(
  VehicleID int
  Name varchar(100)
  Locations varchar(4000)
)

DECLARE VehiclesCursor CURSOR FOR
SELECT
  [VehicleID]
, [Name]
FROM [Vehicles]

OPEN VehiclesCursor

FETCH NEXT FROM VehiclesCursor INTO
  @VehicleID
, @VehicleName
WHILE @@FETCH_STATUS = 0
BEGIN

  SET @Locations = ''

  DECLARE LocationsCursor CURSOR FOR
  SELECT
    [City]
  FROM [Locations]
  WHERE [VehicleID] = @VehicleID

  OPEN LocationsCursor

  FETCH NEXT FROM LocationsCursor INTO
    @LocationCity
  WHILE @@FETCH_STATUS = 0
  BEGIN
    SET @Locations = @Locations + @LocationCity

    FETCH NEXT FROM LocationsCursor INTO
      @LocationCity
  END
  CLOSE LocationsCursor
  DEALLOCATE LocationsCursor

  INSERT INTO @Results (VehicleID, Name, Locations) SELECT @VehicleID, @Name, @Locations

END     
CLOSE VehiclesCursor
DEALLOCATE VehiclesCursor

SELECT * FROM @Results

但是,正如您所看到的,这需要大量代码.我想要的是一个通用函数,可以让我做这样的事情:

SELECT VehicleID
     , Name
     , JOIN(SELECT City FROM Locations WHERE VehicleID = Vehicles.VehicleID, ', ') AS Locations
FROM Vehicles

这可能吗？或类似的东西？

Answer 1

如果您使用的是SQL Server 2005,则可以使用FOR XML PATH命令.

SELECT [VehicleID]
     , [Name]
     , (STUFF((SELECT CAST(', ' + [City] AS VARCHAR(MAX)) 
         FROM [Location] 
         WHERE (VehicleID = Vehicle.VehicleID) 
         FOR XML PATH ('')), 1, 2, '')) AS Locations
FROM [Vehicle]

它比使用游标容易得多,并且似乎运行得相当好.

Answer 2

请注意,Matt的代码将在字符串的末尾产生额外的逗号; 使用COALESCE(或ISNULL),如Lance帖子中的链接所示,使用类似的方法,但不会留下额外的逗号删除.为了完整起见,这里是来自sqlteam.com上Lance链接的相关代码:

DECLARE @EmployeeList varchar(100)
SELECT @EmployeeList = COALESCE(@EmployeeList + ', ', '') + 
    CAST(EmpUniqueID AS varchar(5))
FROM SalesCallsEmployees
WHERE SalCal_UniqueID = 1

Answer 3

我不相信有一种方法可以在一个查询中完成它,但你可以用一个临时变量来玩这样的技巧:

declare @s varchar(max)
set @s = ''
select @s = @s + City + ',' from Locations

select @s

它肯定比走过光标更少的代码,可能更有效.

Answer 4

从我所看到的FOR XML(如前面所述)是唯一的方法,如果你想像OP一样选择其他列(我猜的最多).使用COALESCE(@var...不允许包含其他列.

更新:感谢programmingsolutions.net,有一种方法可以删除"尾随"逗号.通过使其成为一个领先的逗号并使用STUFFMSSQL 的功能,您可以用空字符串替换第一个字符(前导逗号),如下所示:

stuff(
    (select ',' + Column 
     from Table
         inner where inner.Id = outer.Id 
     for xml path('')
), 1,1,'') as Values

Answer 5

在单个SQL查询中,不使用FOR XML子句.
公用表表达式用于递归地连接结果.

-- rank locations by incrementing lexicographical order
WITH RankedLocations AS (
  SELECT
    VehicleID,
    City,
    ROW_NUMBER() OVER (
        PARTITION BY VehicleID 
        ORDER BY City
    ) Rank
  FROM
    Locations
),
-- concatenate locations using a recursive query
-- (Common Table Expression)
Concatenations AS (
  -- for each vehicle, select the first location
  SELECT
    VehicleID,
    CONVERT(nvarchar(MAX), City) Cities,
    Rank
  FROM
    RankedLocations
  WHERE
    Rank = 1

  -- then incrementally concatenate with the next location
  -- this will return intermediate concatenations that will be 
  -- filtered out later on
  UNION ALL

  SELECT
    c.VehicleID,
    (c.Cities + ', ' + l.City) Cities,
    l.Rank
  FROM
    Concatenations c -- this is a recursion!
    INNER JOIN RankedLocations l ON
        l.VehicleID = c.VehicleID 
        AND l.Rank = c.Rank + 1
),
-- rank concatenation results by decrementing length 
-- (rank 1 will always be for the longest concatenation)
RankedConcatenations AS (
  SELECT
    VehicleID,
    Cities,
    ROW_NUMBER() OVER (
        PARTITION BY VehicleID 
        ORDER BY Rank DESC
    ) Rank
  FROM 
    Concatenations
)
-- main query
SELECT
  v.VehicleID,
  v.Name,
  c.Cities
FROM
  Vehicles v
  INNER JOIN RankedConcatenations c ON 
    c.VehicleID = v.VehicleID 
    AND c.Rank = 1

Answer 6

在SQL Server 2005中

SELECT Stuff(
  (SELECT N', ' + Name FROM Names FOR XML PATH(''),TYPE)
  .value('text()[1]','nvarchar(max)'),1,2,N'')

在SQL Server 2016中

您可以使用FOR JSON语法

即

SELECT per.ID,
Emails = JSON_VALUE(
   REPLACE(
     (SELECT _ = em.Email FROM Email em WHERE em.Person = per.ID FOR JSON PATH)
    ,'"},{"_":"',', '),'$[0]._'
) 
FROM Person per

结果将成为

Id  Emails
1   abc@gmail.com
2   NULL
3   def@gmail.com, xyz@gmail.com

这甚至会使您的数据包含无效的XML字符

''},{" ":"'是安全的,因为如果你的数据包含'"},{" ":"',它将被转义为"},{\"_ \":\"

您可以用任何字符串分隔符替换','

在SQL Server 2017中,Azure SQL数据库

您可以使用新的STRING_AGG功能

Answer 7

以下代码适用于Sql Server 2000/2005/2008

CREATE FUNCTION fnConcatVehicleCities(@VehicleId SMALLINT)
RETURNS VARCHAR(1000) AS
BEGIN
  DECLARE @csvCities VARCHAR(1000)
  SELECT @csvCities = COALESCE(@csvCities + ', ', '') + COALESCE(City,'')
  FROM Vehicles 
  WHERE VehicleId = @VehicleId 
  return @csvCities
END

-- //Once the User defined function is created then run the below sql

SELECT VehicleID
     , dbo.fnConcatVehicleCities(VehicleId) AS Locations
FROM Vehicles
GROUP BY VehicleID

Answer 8

我通过创建以下函数找到了解决方案:

CREATE FUNCTION [dbo].[JoinTexts]
(
  @delimiter VARCHAR(20) ,
  @whereClause VARCHAR(1)
)
RETURNS VARCHAR(MAX)
AS 
BEGIN
    DECLARE @Texts VARCHAR(MAX)

    SELECT  @Texts = COALESCE(@Texts + @delimiter, '') + T.Texto
    FROM    SomeTable AS T
    WHERE   T.SomeOtherColumn = @whereClause

    RETURN @Texts
END
GO

用法:

SELECT dbo.JoinTexts(' , ', 'Y')