在 Apple Silicon M1 Mac 上安装加密

Question

帮助！我正在尝试在我的 m1 上安装加密。我知道我可以在 rosetta 模式下运行终端，但我想知道是否有办法不这样做。

输出：

    ERROR: Command errored out with exit status 1:
     command: /opt/homebrew/opt/python@3.9/bin/python3.9 /opt/homebrew/lib/python3.9/site-packages/pip/_vendor/pep517/_in_process.py prepare_metadata_for_build_wheel /var/folders/hj/5zfkv68d7lqgrfqt046bn23c0000gn/T/tmpl4sga84k
         cwd: /private/var/folders/hj/5zfkv68d7lqgrfqt046bn23c0000gn/T/pip-install-jko4b562/cryptography_7b1bbc9ece2f481a8e8e9ea03b1a0030
    Complete output (55 lines):
    
        =============================DEBUG ASSISTANCE=============================
        If you are seeing a compilation error please try the following steps to
        successfully install cryptography:
        1) Upgrade to the latest pip and try again. This will fix errors for most
           users. See: https://pip.pypa.io/en/stable/installing/#upgrading-pip
        2) Read https://cryptography.io/en/latest/installation.html for specific
           instructions for your platform.
        3) Check our frequently asked questions for more information:
           https://cryptography.io/en/latest/faq.html
        =============================DEBUG ASSISTANCE=============================
    
    Traceback (most recent call last):
      File "/opt/homebrew/lib/python3.9/site-packages/pip/_vendor/pep517/_in_process.py", line 280, in <module>
        main()
      File "/opt/homebrew/lib/python3.9/site-packages/pip/_vendor/pep517/_in_process.py", line 263, in main
        json_out['return_val'] = hook(**hook_input['kwargs'])
      File "/opt/homebrew/lib/python3.9/site-packages/pip/_vendor/pep517/_in_process.py", line 133, in prepare_metadata_for_build_wheel
        return hook(metadata_directory, config_settings)
      File "/private/var/folders/hj/5zfkv68d7lqgrfqt046bn23c0000gn/T/pip-build-env-9bqzge_f/overlay/lib/python3.9/site-packages/setuptools/build_meta.py", line 161, in prepare_metadata_for_build_wheel
        self.run_setup()
      File "/private/var/folders/hj/5zfkv68d7lqgrfqt046bn23c0000gn/T/pip-build-env-9bqzge_f/overlay/lib/python3.9/site-packages/setuptools/build_meta.py", line 145, in run_setup
        exec(compile(code, __file__, 'exec'), locals())
      File "setup.py", line 44, in <module>
        setup(
      File "/private/var/folders/hj/5zfkv68d7lqgrfqt046bn23c0000gn/T/pip-build-env-9bqzge_f/overlay/lib/python3.9/site-packages/setuptools/__init__.py", line 153, in setup
        return distutils.core.setup(**attrs)
      File "/opt/homebrew/Cellar/python@3.9/3.9.1_7/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/3.9/lib/python3.9/distutils/core.py", line 108, in setup
        _setup_distribution = dist = klass(attrs)
      File "/private/var/folders/hj/5zfkv68d7lqgrfqt046bn23c0000gn/T/pip-build-env-9bqzge_f/overlay/lib/python3.9/site-packages/setuptools/dist.py", line 432, in __init__
        _Distribution.__init__(self, {
      File "/opt/homebrew/Cellar/python@3.9/3.9.1_7/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/3.9/lib/python3.9/distutils/dist.py", line 292, in __init__
        self.finalize_options()
      File "/private/var/folders/hj/5zfkv68d7lqgrfqt046bn23c0000gn/T/pip-build-env-9bqzge_f/overlay/lib/python3.9/site-packages/setuptools/dist.py", line 708, in finalize_options
        ep(self)
      File "/private/var/folders/hj/5zfkv68d7lqgrfqt046bn23c0000gn/T/pip-build-env-9bqzge_f/overlay/lib/python3.9/site-packages/setuptools/dist.py", line 715, in _finalize_setup_keywords
        ep.load()(self, ep.name, value)
      File "/private/var/folders/hj/5zfkv68d7lqgrfqt046bn23c0000gn/T/pip-build-env-9bqzge_f/overlay/lib/python3.9/site-packages/cffi/setuptools_ext.py", line 219, in cffi_modules
        add_cffi_module(dist, cffi_module)
      File "/private/var/folders/hj/5zfkv68d7lqgrfqt046bn23c0000gn/T/pip-build-env-9bqzge_f/overlay/lib/python3.9/site-packages/cffi/setuptools_ext.py", line 49, in add_cffi_module
        execfile(build_file_name, mod_vars)
      File "/private/var/folders/hj/5zfkv68d7lqgrfqt046bn23c0000gn/T/pip-build-env-9bqzge_f/overlay/lib/python3.9/site-packages/cffi/setuptools_ext.py", line 25, in execfile
        exec(code, glob, glob)
      File "src/_cffi_src/build_openssl.py", line 77, in <module>
        ffi = build_ffi_for_binding(
      File "src/_cffi_src/utils.py", line 54, in build_ffi_for_binding
        ffi = build_ffi(
      File "src/_cffi_src/utils.py", line 74, in build_ffi
        ffi = FFI()
      File "/private/var/folders/hj/5zfkv68d7lqgrfqt046bn23c0000gn/T/pip-build-env-9bqzge_f/overlay/lib/python3.9/site-packages/cffi/api.py", line 48, in __init__
        import _cffi_backend as backend
    ImportError: dlopen(/private/var/folders/hj/5zfkv68d7lqgrfqt046bn23c0000gn/T/pip-build-env-9bqzge_f/overlay/lib/python3.9/site-packages/_cffi_backend.cpython-39-darwin.so, 2): Symbol not found: _ffi_prep_closure
      Referenced from: /private/var/folders/hj/5zfkv68d7lqgrfqt046bn23c0000gn/T/pip-build-env-9bqzge_f/overlay/lib/python3.9/site-packages/_cffi_backend.cpython-39-darwin.so
      Expected in: flat namespace
     in /private/var/folders/hj/5zfkv68d7lqgrfqt046bn23c0000gn/T/pip-build-env-9bqzge_f/overlay/lib/python3.9/site-packages/_cffi_backend.cpython-39-darwin.so

我试图像他们在该代码块中所说的那样构建和运行相同的错误。我环顾四周，似乎还没有人找到修复程序，但这些东西通常已经两个月大了。我错过了什么？

Answer 1

此问题是由于 libffi 标头版本与动态链接器找到的 libffi 版本不匹配所致。一般来说，遇到这个问题的用户似乎安装了自制软件 libffi 并以某种方式针对它构建了 Python。

发生这种情况时cffi（cryptography依赖项）编译，但在运行时失败并引发此错误。这应该可以通过将正确的路径作为链接器参数传递来解决。要重新安装，cffi您应该pip uninstall cffi遵循

LDFLAGS=-L$(brew --prefix libffi)/lib CFLAGS=-I$(brew --prefix libffi)/include pip install cffi --no-binary :all:

这是一个丑陋的解决方法，但现在可以让您克服这个障碍。

更新：我已经为 macOS 上传了 arm64 轮子，因此如果您pip是最新的，则不再需要以下编译。但是，如果由于某种原因您希望自己编译它：

LDFLAGS="-L$(brew --prefix openssl@1.1)/lib" CFLAGS="-I$(brew --prefix openssl@1.1)/include" pip install cryptography

Answer 2

我正在使用 Macbook Pro M1 2020 型号并遇到了同样的问题。问题可能只出在我的 cffi 和 pip 版本上。因为这 4 个步骤帮助了我 -

1. 卸载旧的 cffipip uninstall cffi
2. 升级点python -m pip install --upgrade pip
3. 重新安装 cffipip install cffi
4. 安装密码学pip install cryptography

Answer 3

聚会有点晚了，但上面的解决方案对我不起作用。Paul 让我走上了正轨，但我的问题是 pyenv 使用 mac libffi 进行构建，而 cffi 使用自制版本。我在某处读过这篇文章，不能声称有这种独特的见解。

我的解决方案是通过确保正确的标头库和包配置来确保我的 python (3.8.13) 是由 pyenv 使用自制 libffi 构建的：

export LDFLAGS="-L$(brew --prefix zlib)/lib -L$(brew --prefix bzip2)/lib -L$(brew --prefix openssl@1.1)/lib -L$(brew --prefix libffi)/lib"
export CPPFLAGS="-I$(brew --prefix zlib)/include -I$(brew --prefix bzip2)/include -I$(brew --prefix openssl@1.1)/include -I$(brew --prefix libffi)/include"
export PKG_CONFIG_PATH="$(brew --prefix openssl@1.1)/lib/pkgconfig:$(brew --prefix libffi)/lib/pkgconfig"

重建Python...

pyenv uninstall 3.8.13
pyenv install 3.8.13

杀死 pip 缓存

pip cache purge

最后，使用 Pipenv 重新安装我的依赖项

pipenv --rm
pipenv sync --dev

完成这些步骤后，我就摆脱了恐惧

ImportError: dlopen(/private/var/folders/k7/z3mq67_532bdr_rcm2grml240000gn/T/pip-build-env-apk5b25z/overlay/lib/python3.8/site-packages/_cffi_backend.cpython-38-darwin.so, 0x0002): symbol not found in flat namespace '_ffi_prep_closure'

Answer 4

也许，您会遇到更多软件包的问题，​​并且每个软件包都有自己的 Apple Silicon 解决方案，这令人筋疲力尽。

我得出了最终的解决方案：使用 x86_x64 Homebrew 安装 x86 软件包，包括 Python。因此，您的所有要求都像在 x86_x64 mac 上一样安装，并且不再存在编译错误等问题。

指示：

1. 在 Rosetta 2 下运行 iTerm2（或默认终端应用程序）（右键单击应用程序图标 -> Get info-> Open using rosetta）。
2. 像往常一样安装 homebrew，/bin/bash -c "$(curl -fsSL https://raw.githubusercontent.com/Homebrew/install/HEAD/install.sh)"或者出于安全原因，您可以从https://brew.sh/获取此链接（切勿在未仔细检查的情况下从 stackoverflow 复制curl 命令）。
3. ~/.zshrc在您的（如果您使用的是 ZSH）或~/.bash_profile（如果您是 bash 用户）中添加别名： alias brew='arch -x86_64 /usr/local/bin/brew'。
4. Open using rosetta在 iTerm2 中关闭Get info。

现在，每次在终端应用程序中打印时，brew您都将运行 x86_x64 Homebrew。当您从 中安装任何软件包时brew，它将自动在 Rosetta 2 下运行。