Common Lisp:在 first、rest、last 中解构列表(如 Python 可迭代解包)

upg*_*grd 2 lisp common-lisp cl

David Touretzky 的 Common Lisp 书中的练习 6.36 要求一个函数swap-first-last来交换任何列表的第一个和最后一个参数。我现在觉得很愚蠢,但我无法用destructuring-bind.

我如何在 Pythonfirst, *rest, last = (1,2,3,4)中执行 Common Lisp/with 中的操作(可迭代解包)destructuring-bind

Gwa*_*Kim 6

毕竟尝试过,加上@WillNess 的一些评论(谢谢!),我想出了这个想法:

bind

这个想法是尝试细分列表并在 中使用&restlambda 列表的功能destructuring-bind,但是,使用较短的.符号 - 以及 usingbutlastcar-last组合。

(defmacro bind ((first _rest last) expr &body body)
`(destructuring-bind ((,first . ,_rest) ,last) 
    `(,,(butlast expr) ,,(car (last expr)))
  ,@body)))
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用法:

(bind (f _rest l) (list 1 2 3 4) 
  (list f _rest l))
;; => (1 (2 3) 4)
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我的原答案

没有像 Python 那样优雅的可能性。 destructuring-bind不能比 lambda 更不同地绑定:lambda 列表仅将整个其余部分视为&rest <name-for-rest>. 没有办法直接取出最后一个元素。(当然,没办法,除非你为这类问题额外写了一个宏)。

(destructuring-bind (first &rest rest) (list 1 2 3 4)
  (let* ((last (car (last rest)))
         (*rest (butlast rest)))
    (list first *rest last)))
;;=> (1 (2 3) 4)

;; or:
(destructuring-bind (first . rest) (list 1 2 3 4)
  (let* ((last (car (last rest)))
         (*rest (butlast rest)))
   (list first *rest last)))

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但是,当然,您使用的是 lisp,理论上您可以destructuring-bind以更复杂的方式编写宏 ...

但是,destructuring-bind并没有比以下更清晰:

(defparameter *l* '(1 2 3 4))

(let ((first (car *l*))
      (*rest (butlast (cdr *l*)))
      (last (car (last *l*))))
  (list first *rest last))

;;=> (1 (2 3) 4)
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first-*rest-last

为了向您展示,在普通的 lisp 中,生成这样一个宏的速度有多快:

;; first-*rest-last is a macro which destructures list for their 
;; first, middle and last elements.
;; I guess more skilled lisp programmers could write you
;; kind of a more generalized `destructuring-bind` with some extra syntax ;; that can distinguish the middle pieces like `*rest` from `&rest rest`.
;; But I don't know reader macros that well yet.

(ql:quickload :alexandria)

(defmacro first-*rest-last ((first *rest last) expr &body body)
  (let ((rest))
    (alexandria:once-only (rest)
      `(destructuring-bind (,first . ,rest) ,expr
        (destructuring-bind (,last . ,*rest) (nreverse ,rest)
          (let ((,*rest (nreverse ,*rest)))
            ,@body))))))

;; or an easier definition:

(defmacro first-*rest-last ((first *rest last) expr &body body)
  (alexandria:once-only (expr)
    `(let ((,first (car ,expr))
           (,*rest (butlast (cdr ,expr)))
           (,last (car (last ,expr))))
       ,@body))))

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用法:

;; you give in the list after `first-*rest-last` the name of the variables
;; which should capture the first, middle and last part of your list-giving expression
;; which you then can use in the body.

(first-*rest-last (a b c) (list 1 2 3 4)
  (list a b c))
;;=> (1 (2 3) 4)
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此宏允许您为first,*restlast列表的一部分提供任何名称,您可以在宏的主体中进一步处理这些名称,希望有助于提高代码的可读性。