以XN开头的153个顶级域名是什么？

Question

我正在检查IANA 顶级域名的完整列表，发现了一些不常见的域名，但也有一些非常不常见的域名，特别是以 XN 开头的 153 个顶级域名：

XN--11B4C3D
XN--1CK2E1B
XN--1QQW23A
XN--2SCRJ9C
XN--30RR7Y
XN--3BST00M

以 开头的域名是什么XN？

笔记

下面是一些R代码，用于提取完整的域列表XN以进行探索：

XN--11B4C3D
XN--1CK2E1B
XN--1QQW23A
XN--2SCRJ9C
XN--30RR7Y
XN--3BST00M

全套

XN--11B4C3D XN--1CK2E1B XN--1QQW23A XN--2SCRJ9C XN--30RR7Y XN--3BST00M XN--3DS443G XN--3E0B707E XN--3HCRJ9C XN--3OQ18VL8PN36A XN--3PXU8K XN--42C2D9A XN--45BR5CYL XN--45BRJ9C XN--45Q11C XN--4GBRIM XN--54B7FTA0CC XN--55QW42G XN--55QX5D XN--5SU34J936BGSG XN--5TZM5G XN--6FRZ82G XN--6QQ986B3XL XN--80ADXHKS XN--80AO21A XN--80AQECDR1A XN--80ASEHDB XN--80ASWG XN--8Y0A063A XN--90A3AC XN--90AE XN--90AIS XN--9DBQ2A XN--9ET52U XN--9KRT00A XN--B4W605FERD XN--BCK1B9A5DRE4C XN--C1AVG XN--C2BR7G XN--CCK2B3B XN--CCKWCXETD XN--CG4BKI XN--CLCHC0EA0B2G2A9GCD XN--CZR694B XN--CZRS0T XN--CZRU2D XN--D1ACJ3B XN--D1ALF XN--E1A4C XN--ECKVDTC9D XN--EFVY88H XN--FCT429K XN--FHBEI XN--FIQ228C5HS XN--FIQ64B XN--FIQS8S XN--FIQZ9S XN--FJQ720A XN--FLW351E XN--FPCRJ9C3D XN--FZC2C9E2C XN--FZYS8D69UVGM XN--G2XX48C XN--GCKR3F0F XN--GECRJ9C XN--GK3AT1E XN--H2BREG3EVE XN--H2BRJ9C XN--H2BRJ9C8C XN--HXT814E XN--I1B6B1A6A2E XN--IMR513N XN--IO0A7I XN--J1AEF XN--J1AMH XN--J6W193G XN--JLQ480N2RG XN--JLQ61U9W7B XN--JVR189M XN--KCRX77D1X4A XN--KPRW13D XN--KPRY57D XN--KPUT3I XN--L1ACC XN--LGBBAT1AD8J XN--MGB9AWBF XN--MGBA3A3EJT XN--MGBA3A4F16A XN--MGBA7C0BBN0A XN--MGBAAKC7DVF XN--MGBAAM7A8H XN--MGBAB2BD XN--MGBAH1A3HJKRD XN--MGBAI9AZGQP6J XN--MGBAYH7GPA XN--MGBBH1A XN--MGBBH1A71E XN--MGBC0A9AZCG XN--MGBCA7DZDO XN--MGBCPQ6GPA1A XN--MGBERP4A5D4AR XN--MGBGU82A XN--MGBI4ECEXP XN--MGBPL2FH XN--MGBT3DHD XN--MGBTX2B XN--MGBX4CD0AB XN--MIX891F XN--MK1BU44C XN--MXTQ1M XN--NGBC5AZD XN--NGBE9E0A XN--NGBRX XN--NODE XN--NQV7F XN--NQV7FS00EMA XN--NYQY26A XN--O3CW4H XN--OGBPF8FL XN--OTU796D XN--P1ACF XN--P1AI XN--PGBS0DH XN--PSSY2U XN--Q7CE6A XN--Q9JYB4C XN--QCKA1PMC XN--QXA6A XN--QXAM XN--RHQV96G XN--ROVU88B XN--RVC1E0AM3E XN--S9BRJ9C XN--SES554G XN--T60B56A XN--TCKWE XN--TIQ49XQYJ XN--UNUP4Y XN--VERMGENSBERATER-CTB XN--VERMGENSBERATUNG-PWB XN--VHQUV XN--VUQ861B XN--W4R85EL8FHU5DNRA XN--W4RS40L XN--WGBH1C XN--WGBL6A XN--XHQ521B XN--XKC2AL3HYE2A XN--XKC2DL3A5EE0H XN--Y9A3AQ XN--YFRO4I67O XN--YGBI2AMMX XN--ZFR164B

Answer 1

它们是非ASCII URL 的punycode版本，例如

\n

% IANA WHOIS server\n% for more information on IANA, visit http://www.iana.org\n% This query returned 1 object\n\ndomain:       \xe0\xac\xad\xe0\xac\xbe\xe0\xac\xb0\xe0\xac\xa4\ndomain-ace:   XN--3HCRJ9C\n

\n

Answer 2

这些域是punycode：

\n

\n

Punycode 是一种简单高效的传输编码语法，设计用于应用程序中的国际化域名。它唯一且可逆地将 Unicode 字符串转换为 ASCII 字符串。Unicode 字符串中的 ASCII 字符按字面意思表示，非 ASCII 字符则由主机名标签中允许的 ASCII 字符（字母、数字和连字符）表示。

\n

\n

以下是解码后的全部 153 个 punycode 域：

\n

  [1] "\xe0\xa4\x95\xe0\xa5\x89\xe0\xa4\xae"               "\xe3\x82\xbb\xe3\x83\xbc\xe3\x83\xab"            "\xe4\xbd\x9b\xe5\xb1\xb1"             \n  [4] "\xe0\xb2\xad\xe0\xb2\xbe\xe0\xb2\xb0\xe0\xb2\xa4"              "\xe6\x85\x88\xe5\x96\x84"              "\xe9\x9b\x86\xe5\x9b\xa2"             \n  [7] "\xe5\x9c\xa8\xe7\xba\xbf"              "\xed\x95\x9c\xea\xb5\xad"              "\xe0\xac\xad\xe0\xac\xbe\xe0\xac\xb0\xe0\xac\xa4"             \n [10] "\xe7\x82\xb9\xe7\x9c\x8b"              "\xe0\xb8\x84\xe0\xb8\xad\xe0\xb8\xa1"               "\xe0\xa6\xad\xe0\xa6\xbe\xe0\xa7\xb0\xe0\xa6\xa4"             \n [13] "\xe0\xa6\xad\xe0\xa6\xbe\xe0\xa6\xb0\xe0\xa6\xa4"              "\xe5\x85\xab\xe5\x8d\xa6"              "\xd7\x99\xd7\xa9\xd7\xa8\xd7\x90\xd7\x9c"            \n [16] "\xd9\x85\xd9\x88\xd9\x82\xd8\xb9"              "\xe0\xa6\xac\xe0\xa6\xbe\xe0\xa6\x82\xe0\xa6\xb2\xe0\xa6\xbe"             "\xe5\x85\xac\xe7\x9b\x8a"             \n [19] "\xe5\x85\xac\xe5\x8f\xb8"              "\xe9\xa6\x99\xe6\xa0\xbc\xe9\x87\x8c\xe6\x8b\x89"          "\xe7\xbd\x91\xe7\xab\x99"             \n [22] "\xe7\xa7\xbb\xe5\x8a\xa8"              "\xe6\x88\x91\xe7\x88\xb1\xe4\xbd\xa0"            "\xd0\xbc\xd0\xbe\xd1\x81\xd0\xba\xd0\xb2\xd0\xb0"           \n [25] "\xd2\x9b\xd0\xb0\xd0\xb7"               "\xd0\xba\xd0\xb0\xd1\x82\xd0\xbe\xd0\xbb\xd0\xb8\xd0\xba"           "\xd0\xbe\xd0\xbd\xd0\xbb\xd0\xb0\xd0\xb9\xd0\xbd"           \n [28] "\xd1\x81\xd0\xb0\xd0\xb9\xd1\x82"              "\xe8\x81\x94\xe9\x80\x9a"              "\xd1\x81\xd1\x80\xd0\xb1"              \n [31] "\xd0\xb1\xd0\xb3"                "\xd0\xb1\xd0\xb5\xd0\xbb"               "\xd7\xa7\xd7\x95\xd7\x9d"              \n [34] "\xe6\x97\xb6\xe5\xb0\x9a"              "\xe5\xbe\xae\xe5\x8d\x9a"              "\xe6\xb7\xa1\xe9\xa9\xac\xe9\x94\xa1"           \n [37] "\xe3\x83\x95\xe3\x82\xa1\xe3\x83\x83\xe3\x82\xb7\xe3\x83\xa7\xe3\x83\xb3"      "\xd0\xbe\xd1\x80\xd0\xb3"               "\xe0\xa4\xa8\xe0\xa5\x87\xe0\xa4\x9f"               \n [40] "\xe3\x82\xb9\xe3\x83\x88\xe3\x82\xa2"            "\xe3\x82\xa2\xe3\x83\x9e\xe3\x82\xbe\xe3\x83\xb3"          "\xec\x82\xbc\xec\x84\xb1"             \n [43] "\xe0\xae\x9a\xe0\xae\xbf\xe0\xae\x99\xe0\xaf\x8d\xe0\xae\x95\xe0\xae\xaa\xe0\xaf\x8d\xe0\xae\xaa\xe0\xaf\x82\xe0\xae\xb0\xe0\xaf\x8d"          "\xe5\x95\x86\xe6\xa0\x87"              "\xe5\x95\x86\xe5\xba\x97"             \n [46] "\xe5\x95\x86\xe5\x9f\x8e"              "\xd0\xb4\xd0\xb5\xd1\x82\xd0\xb8"              "\xd0\xbc\xd0\xba\xd0\xb4"              \n [49] "\xd0\xb5\xd1\x8e"                "\xe3\x83\x9d\xe3\x82\xa4\xe3\x83\xb3\xe3\x83\x88"          "\xe6\x96\xb0\xe9\x97\xbb"             \n [52] "\xe5\xae\xb6\xe9\x9b\xbb"              "\xd9\x83\xd9\x88\xd9\x85"               "\xe4\xb8\xad\xe6\x96\x87\xe7\xbd\x91"           \n [55] "\xe4\xb8\xad\xe4\xbf\xa1"              "\xe4\xb8\xad\xe5\x9b\xbd"              "\xe4\xb8\xad\xe5\x9c\x8b"             \n [58] "\xe5\xa8\xb1\xe4\xb9\x90"              "\xe8\xb0\xb7\xe6\xad\x8c"              "\xe0\xb0\xad\xe0\xb0\xbe\xe0\xb0\xb0\xe0\xb0\xa4\xe0\xb1\x8d"              \n [61] "\xe0\xb6\xbd\xe0\xb6\x82\xe0\xb6\x9a\xe0\xb7\x8f"              "\xe9\x9b\xbb\xe8\xa8\x8a\xe7\x9b\x88\xe7\xa7\x91"          "\xe8\xb4\xad\xe7\x89\xa9"             \n [64] "\xe3\x82\xaf\xe3\x83\xa9\xe3\x82\xa6\xe3\x83\x89"          "\xe0\xaa\xad\xe0\xaa\xbe\xe0\xaa\xb0\xe0\xaa\xa4"              "\xe9\x80\x9a\xe8\xb2\xa9"             \n [67] "\xe0\xa4\xad\xe0\xa4\xbe\xe0\xa4\xb0\xe0\xa4\xa4\xe0\xa4\xae\xe0\xa5\x8d"             "\xe0\xa4\xad\xe0\xa4\xbe\xe0\xa4\xb0\xe0\xa4\xa4"              "\xe0\xa4\xad\xe0\xa4\xbe\xe0\xa4\xb0\xe0\xa5\x8b\xe0\xa4\xa4"            \n [70] "\xe7\xbd\x91\xe5\xba\x97"              "\xe0\xa4\xb8\xe0\xa4\x82\xe0\xa4\x97\xe0\xa4\xa0\xe0\xa4\xa8"              "\xe9\xa4\x90\xe5\x8e\x85"             \n [73] "\xe7\xbd\x91\xe7\xbb\x9c"              "\xd0\xba\xd0\xbe\xd0\xbc"               "\xd1\x83\xd0\xba\xd1\x80"              \n [76] "\xe9\xa6\x99\xe6\xb8\xaf"              "\xe4\xba\x9a\xe9\xa9\xac\xe9\x80\x8a"            "\xe8\xaf\xba\xe5\x9f\xba\xe4\xba\x9a"           \n [79] "\xe9\xa3\x9f\xe5\x93\x81"              "\xe9\xa3\x9e\xe5\x88\xa9\xe6\xb5\xa6"            "\xe5\x8f\xb0\xe6\xb9\xbe"             \n [82] "\xe5\x8f\xb0\xe7\x81\xa3"              "\xe6\x89\x8b\xe6\x9c\xba"              "\xd0\xbc\xd0\xbe\xd0\xbd"              \n [85] "\xd8\xa7\xd9\x84\xd8\xac\xd8\xb2\xd8\xa7\xd8\xa6\xd8\xb1"           "\xd8\xb9\xd9\x85\xd8\xa7\xd9\x86"              "\xd8\xa7\xd8\xb1\xd8\xa7\xd9\x85\xd9\x83\xd9\x88"           \n [88] "\xd8\xa7\xdb\x8c\xd8\xb1\xd8\xa7\xd9\x86"             "\xd8\xa7\xd9\x84\xd8\xb9\xd9\x84\xd9\x8a\xd8\xa7\xd9\x86"           "\xd8\xa7\xd8\xaa\xd8\xb5\xd8\xa7\xd9\x84\xd8\xa7\xd8\xaa"          \n [91] "\xd8\xa7\xd9\x85\xd8\xa7\xd8\xb1\xd8\xa7\xd8\xaa"            "\xd8\xa8\xd8\xa7\xd8\xb2\xd8\xa7\xd8\xb1"             "\xd9\x85\xd9\x88\xd8\xb1\xd9\x8a\xd8\xaa\xd8\xa7\xd9\x86\xd9\x8a\xd8\xa7"        \n [94] "\xd9\xbe\xd8\xa7\xda\xa9\xd8\xb3\xd8\xaa\xd8\xa7\xd9\x86"           "\xd8\xa7\xd9\x84\xd8\xa7\xd8\xb1\xd8\xaf\xd9\x86"            "\xd8\xa8\xd8\xa7\xd8\xb1\xd8\xaa"             \n [97] "\xd8\xa8\xda\xbe\xd8\xa7\xd8\xb1\xd8\xaa"             "\xd8\xa7\xd9\x84\xd9\x85\xd8\xba\xd8\xb1\xd8\xa8"            "\xd8\xa7\xd8\xa8\xd9\x88\xd8\xb8\xd8\xa8\xd9\x8a"           \n[100] "\xd8\xa7\xd9\x84\xd8\xa8\xd8\xad\xd8\xb1\xd9\x8a\xd9\x86"           "\xd8\xa7\xd9\x84\xd8\xb3\xd8\xb9\xd9\x88\xd8\xaf\xd9\x8a\xd8\xa9"          "\xda\x80\xd8\xa7\xd8\xb1\xd8\xaa"             \n[103] "\xd9\x83\xd8\xa7\xd8\xab\xd9\x88\xd9\x84\xd9\x8a\xd9\x83"           "\xd8\xb3\xd9\x88\xd8\xaf\xd8\xa7\xd9\x86"             "\xd9\x87\xd9\x85\xd8\xb1\xd8\xa7\xd9\x87"            \n[106] "\xd8\xb9\xd8\xb1\xd8\xa7\xd9\x82"              "\xd9\x85\xd9\x84\xd9\x8a\xd8\xb3\xd9\x8a\xd8\xa7"            "\xe6\xbe\xb3\xe9\x96\x80"             \n[109] "\xeb\x8b\xb7\xec\xbb\xb4"              "\xe6\x94\xbf\xe5\xba\x9c"              "\xd8\xb4\xd8\xa8\xd9\x83\xd8\xa9"             \n[112] "\xd8\xa8\xd9\x8a\xd8\xaa\xd9\x83"              "\xd8\xb9\xd8\xb1\xd8\xa8"               "\xe1\x83\x92\xe1\x83\x94"               \n[115] "\xe6\x9c\xba\xe6\x9e\x84"              "\xe7\xbb\x84\xe7\xbb\x87\xe6\x9c\xba\xe6\x9e\x84"          "\xe5\x81\xa5\xe5\xba\xb7"             \n[118] "\xe0\xb9\x84\xe0\xb8\x97\xe0\xb8\xa2"               "\xd8\xb3\xd9\x88\xd8\xb1\xd9\x8a\xd8\xa9"             "\xe6\x8b\x9b\xe8\x81\x98"             \n[121] "\xd1\x80\xd1\x83\xd1\x81"               "\xd1\x80\xd1\x84"                "\xd8\xaa\xd9\x88\xd9\x86\xd8\xb3"             \n[124] "\xe5\xa4\xa7\xe6\x8b\xbf"              "\xe0\xba\xa5\xe0\xba\xb2\xe0\xba\xa7"               "\xe3\x81\xbf\xe3\x82\x93\xe3\x81\xaa"           \n[127] "\xe3\x82\xb0\xe3\x83\xbc\xe3\x82\xb0\xe3\x83\xab"          "\xce\xb5\xcf\x85"                "\xce\xb5\xce\xbb"               \n[130] "\xe4\xb8\x96\xe7\x95\x8c"              "\xe6\x9b\xb8\xe7\xb1\x8d"              "\xe0\xb4\xad\xe0\xb4\xbe\xe0\xb4\xb0\xe0\xb4\xa4\xe0\xb4\x82"            \n[133] "\xe0\xa8\xad\xe0\xa8\xbe\xe0\xa8\xb0\xe0\xa8\xa4"              "\xe7\xbd\x91\xe5\x9d\x80"              "\xeb\x8b\xb7\xeb\x84\xb7"             \n[136] "\xe3\x82\xb3\xe3\x83\xa0"              "\xe5\xa4\xa9\xe4\xb8\xbb\xe6\x95\x99"            "\xe6\xb8\xb8\xe6\x88\x8f"             \n[139] "VERM\xc3\xb6GENSBERATER"  "VERM\xc3\xb6GENSBERATUNG" "\xe4\xbc\x81\xe4\xb8\x9a"             \n[142] "\xe4\xbf\xa1\xe6\x81\xaf"              "\xe5\x98\x89\xe9\x87\x8c\xe5\xa4\xa7\xe9\x85\x92\xe5\xba\x97"        "\xe5\x98\x89\xe9\x87\x8c"             \n[145] "\xd9\x85\xd8\xb5\xd8\xb1"               "\xd9\x82\xd8\xb7\xd8\xb1"               "\xe5\xb9\xbf\xe4\xb8\x9c"             \n[148] "\xe0\xae\x87\xe0\xae\xb2\xe0\xae\x99\xe0\xaf\x8d\xe0\xae\x95\xe0\xaf\x88"             "\xe0\xae\x87\xe0\xae\xa8\xe0\xaf\x8d\xe0\xae\xa4\xe0\xae\xbf\xe0\xae\xaf\xe0\xae\xbe"            "\xd5\xb0\xd5\xa1\xd5\xb5"              \n[151] "\xe6\x96\xb0\xe5\x8a\xa0\xe5\x9d\xa1"            "\xd9\x81\xd9\x84\xd8\xb3\xd8\xb7\xd9\x8a\xd9\x86"            "\xe6\x94\xbf\xe5\x8a\xa1"      \n

\n

这是用于解码域的 R 代码（但您也可以使用punycode 转换器：

\n

library(tidyverse)\nlibrary(rvest)\n\ndomains <- read_html("http://data.iana.org/TLD/tlds-alpha-by-domain.txt") %>% \n  html_nodes("body") %>% \n  html_text %>% \n  str_split("\\n") %>% \n  unlist %>% \n  as.data.frame %>% \n  `colnames<-`("tld")\n\n\npunycode_domains <- domains %>% \n  filter(substr(tld, 1, 2) == "XN") %>% \n  pull(tld)\n\n\n# devtools::install_github("hrbrmstr/punycode") # Run once to install\nlibrary(punycode)\n\npuny_encode(punycode_domains)\n

\n