Java:FontMetrics上升不正确？

Question

当我看到javadoc时,FontMetric.getAscent()我看到:

字体上升是从字体的基线到大多数字母数字字符顶部的距离.Font中的某些字符可能会延伸到字体上升线之上.

但我写了一个快速的演示程序,我看到了这个:

其中每行文本的4条水平线是:

• 基线位置降低了 getDescent()
• 基线位置
• 基线位置提高 getAscent()
• 基线位置提高 getHeight()

注意getAscent()行和字符顶部之间的空格.我看过大多数字体和大小,总是存在这种差距.(而字体下降看起来恰到好处.)是什么给出的？

package com.example.fonts;

import java.awt.BorderLayout;
import java.awt.Dimension;
import java.awt.Font;
import java.awt.FontMetrics;
import java.awt.Graphics;
import java.awt.GraphicsEnvironment;
import java.awt.event.ActionEvent;
import java.awt.event.ActionListener;
import java.util.Arrays;
import javax.swing.JComboBox;
import javax.swing.JFrame;
import javax.swing.JPanel;
import javax.swing.JSpinner;
import javax.swing.JTextPane;
import javax.swing.SpinnerNumberModel;
import javax.swing.event.ChangeEvent;
import javax.swing.event.ChangeListener;
import javax.swing.event.DocumentEvent;
import javax.swing.event.DocumentListener;

public class FontMetricsExample extends JFrame
{
    static final int marg = 10;
    public FontMetricsExample()
    {
        super(FontMetricsExample.class.getSimpleName());

        JPanel panel = new JPanel(new BorderLayout());
        JPanel fontPanel = new JPanel(new BorderLayout());
        final JTextPane textSource = new JTextPane();
        textSource.setText("ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ\n"
                +"abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz\n"
                +"0123456789!@#$%^&*()[]{}");
        final SpinnerNumberModel fontSizeModel = 
              new SpinnerNumberModel(18, 4, 32, 1);
        final String fonts[] = 
              GraphicsEnvironment.getLocalGraphicsEnvironment()
                .getAvailableFontFamilyNames();
        final JComboBox fontFamilyBox = new JComboBox(fonts);
        fontFamilyBox.setSelectedItem("Arial");

        final JPanel text = new JPanel() {
            @Override protected void paintComponent(Graphics g) {
                super.paintComponent(g);
                String fontFamilyName = 
                         fonts[fontFamilyBox.getSelectedIndex()]; 
                int fontSize = fontSizeModel.getNumber().intValue();
                Font f = new Font(fontFamilyName, 0, fontSize);
                g.setFont(f);
                FontMetrics fm = g.getFontMetrics();
                int lineHeight = fm.getHeight();
                String[] s0 = textSource.getText().split("\n");
                int x0 = marg;
                int y0 = getHeight()-marg-(marg+lineHeight)*s0.length;
                for (int i = 0; i < s0.length; ++i)
                {
                    y0 += marg+lineHeight;
                    String s = s0[i];
                    g.drawString(s, x0, y0);
                    int w = fm.stringWidth(s);
                    for (int yofs : Arrays.asList(
                            0,   // baseline
                            -fm.getHeight(),
                            -fm.getAscent(),
                            fm.getDescent()))
                    {
                        g.drawLine(x0,y0+yofs,x0+w,y0+yofs);
                    }
                }
            }
        };
        final JSpinner fontSizeSpinner = new JSpinner(fontSizeModel);
        fontSizeSpinner.getModel().addChangeListener(
               new ChangeListener() {           
            @Override public void stateChanged(ChangeEvent e) {
                text.repaint();
            }
        });
        text.setMinimumSize(new Dimension(200,100));
        text.setPreferredSize(new Dimension(400,150));
        ActionListener repainter = new ActionListener() {
            @Override public void actionPerformed(ActionEvent e) {
                text.repaint();
            }           
        };
        textSource.getDocument().addDocumentListener(new DocumentListener() {
            @Override public void changedUpdate(DocumentEvent e) {
                text.repaint();             
            }
            @Override public void insertUpdate(DocumentEvent e) {}
            @Override public void removeUpdate(DocumentEvent e) {}
        });
        fontFamilyBox.addActionListener(repainter);

        fontPanel.add(fontFamilyBox, BorderLayout.CENTER);
        fontPanel.add(fontSizeSpinner, BorderLayout.EAST);
        fontPanel.add(textSource, BorderLayout.SOUTH);
        panel.add(fontPanel, BorderLayout.NORTH);
        panel.add(text, BorderLayout.CENTER);       
        setContentPane(panel);
        pack();
        setDefaultCloseOperation(EXIT_ON_CLOSE);
    }

    public static void main(String[] args) {
        new FontMetricsExample().setVisible(true);
    }
}

Answer 1

一个可能的原因是该值考虑了带有变音符号的字母.

例如,添加变形金刚ÄÖÜ表明他们的trema更接近上升(尽管他们仍然没有达到它).

寻找上升的更一般定义我在维基百科中找到了定义:

[..] 上升跨越基线和距离基线最远的字形顶部之间的距离.上升和下降可能包括也可能不包括由重音或变音符号添加的距离.

因此,即使在排版中,似乎也没有精确的绝对定义.

Answer 2

我遇到了同样的问题,似乎可以通过使用GlyphVector类获得字符的真正上限.

package graphics;

import java.awt.Font;
import java.awt.FontMetrics;
import java.awt.Graphics2D;
import java.awt.Rectangle;
import java.awt.font.GlyphVector;
import java.awt.geom.Rectangle2D;
import java.awt.image.BufferedImage;
import java.io.File;
import java.io.IOException;

import javax.imageio.ImageIO;

public class FontMetricsTest2 {

    public static void main(String[] args) throws IOException {
        //Draw the text to measure it with a drawing program
        BufferedImage img = new BufferedImage(
            500, 300, BufferedImage.TYPE_INT_RGB);
        Graphics2D graphics = img.createGraphics();
        Font font = new Font(Font.SERIF, Font.PLAIN, 150);
        graphics.setFont(font);
        String text = "ABCxyz";
        graphics.drawString(text, 20, 180);
        ImageIO.write(img, "PNG", new File("G:\\someDir\\fontMetrics2.png"));

        //Failed attempts to determine ascent with FontMetrics
        FontMetrics fm = graphics.getFontMetrics();
        System.out.println("FM Ascent=" + fm.getAscent() + 
            ", FM descent=" + fm.getDescent());
        //returned ascent is too high
        System.out.println("FM string bounds: " + 
            fm.getStringBounds(text, graphics));
        //too high as well

        //The succesful way with glyph vector
        GlyphVector gv = font.layoutGlyphVector(
            graphics.getFontRenderContext(), text.toCharArray(),
            0, text.length(), Font.LAYOUT_LEFT_TO_RIGHT);
        Rectangle pixBounds = gv.getPixelBounds(
            graphics.getFontRenderContext(), 0, 0);
        System.out.println("GlyphVector - pixelBounds: " + pixBounds);
        Rectangle2D visBounds = gv.getVisualBounds();
        System.out.println("GlyphVector - visualBounds: " + visBounds);
    }

}

通过字符串中出现的字符的上升返回的矩形中的y值表示"text"变量.

像素边界和视觉边界之间的主要区别在于pixelBounds是整数,而visualBounds是浮点数.否则他们似乎差不多.