亚马逊使用 bs4、请求阻止了 Python 3 抓取

Question

几天前，当我运行它时，此代码工作正常：

from bs4 import BeautifulSoup
import datetime
import requests

def getWeekMostRead(date):
    nonfiction_page = requests.get("https://www.amazon.com/charts/"+date.isoformat()+"/mostread/nonfiction")
    content = "amazon"+date.isoformat()+"_nonfiction.html"
    with open(content, "w", encoding="utf-8") as nf_file:
        print(nonfiction_page.content, file=nf_file)

    mostRead_nonfiction = BeautifulSoup(nonfiction_page.content, features="html.parser")

    nonfiction = mostRead_nonfiction.find_all("div", class_="kc-horizontal-rank-card")

    mostread = []
    for books in nonfiction:
        if books.find(class_="kc-rank-card-publisher") is None:
            mostread.append((
                books.find(class_="kc-rank-card-title").string.strip(),
                books.find(class_="kc-rank-card-author").string.strip(),
                "",
                books.find(class_="numeric-star-data").small.string.strip()
            ))
        else:
            mostread.append((
                books.find(class_="kc-rank-card-title").string.strip(),
                books.find(class_="kc-rank-card-author").string.strip(),
                books.find(class_="kc-rank-card-publisher").string.strip(),
                books.find(class_="numeric-star-data").small.string.strip()
            ))
    return mostread

mostread = []
date = datetime.date(2020,1,1)
while date >= datetime.date(2015,1,1):
    print("Scraped data from "+date.isoformat())
    mostread.extend(getWeekMostRead(date))
    date -= datetime.timedelta(7)
print("Currently saving scraped data to AmazonCharts.csv")
with open("AmazonCharts.csv", "w") as csv:
    counter = 0
    print("ID,Title,Author,Publisher,Rating", file=csv)
    for book in mostread:
        counter += 1
        print('AmazonCharts'+str(counter)+',"'+book[0]+'","'+book[1]+'","'+book[2]+'","'+book[3]+'"', file=csv)
    csv.close()

出于某种原因，今天我尝试再次运行它，并将其包含在返回的 HTML 文件中：

To discuss automated access to Amazon data please contact api-services-support@amazon.com.\r\n\r\nFor information about migrating to our APIs refer to our Marketplace APIs at https://developer.amazonservices.com/ref=rm_5_sv, or our Product Advertising API at https://affiliate-program.amazon.com/gp/advertising/api/detail/main.html/ref=rm_5_ac for advertising use cases.

我知道亚马逊是一个沉重的反抓取数据（或者至少我从一些回复和线程中读到了这一点）。我试图在代码中使用标题和延迟，但它不起作用。有没有其他方法可以尝试这个？或者如果我应该等，我应该等多久？

Answer 1

正如您所指出的，亚马逊非常反抓取。整个行业都围绕从 Amazon 抓取数据而建立，而 Amazon 拥有自己的 API 访问权限来进行销售，因此阻止人们从他们的页面自由抓取数据符合他们的最大利益。

根据您的代码，我怀疑您过快地提出了太多请求并且被 IP 禁止。在抓取站点时，通常最好通过不要太快、轮换用户代理和通过代理服务轮换 IP 来负责任地抓取。

为了看起来不那么程序化，您还可以尝试随机化请求时间以看起来更人性化。

即使有了所有这些，您仍然可能会遇到此问题。亚马逊不是一个容易可靠抓取的网站。