内存中的 long long 类型表示

Question

我想从 8 字节类型中提取字节，就像char func(long long number, size_t offset)偏移 n 那样，我将得到第nth 个字节 (0 <= n <= 7)。这样做时，我意识到我不知道 8 字节变量在内存中是如何实际表示的。我希望你能帮我弄清楚。我首先编写了一个简短的 python 脚本来打印A每个字节中由s（ascii 值为 65）组成的数字

sumx = 0
for x in range(8):
    sumx += (ord('A')*256**x)
    print('x {} sumx {}'.format(x,sumx))

输出是

x 0 sumx 65
x 1 sumx 16705
x 2 sumx 4276545
x 3 sumx 1094795585
x 4 sumx 280267669825
x 5 sumx 71748523475265
x 6 sumx 18367622009667905
x 7 sumx 4702111234474983745

在我看来，每个数字都是一串As 后跟 0。接下来我写了一个简短的 C++ 代码来提取第nth 个字节

#include <iostream>
#include <array>

char func0(long long number, size_t offset)
{
  offset <<= 3;
  return (number & (0x00000000000000FF << offset)) >> offset;
}

char func1(long long unsigned number, size_t offset)
{
  char* ptr = (char*)&number;
  return ptr[offset];
}

int main()
{
  std::array<long long,8> arr{65,16705,4276545,1094795585,280267669825,71748523475265,18367622009667905,4702111234474983745};
  for (int i = 0; i < arr.size(); i++)
    for (int j = 0; j < sizeof(long long unsigned); j++)
      std::cout << "char " << j << " in number " << i << " (" << arr[i] << ") func0 " << func0(arr[i], j) << " func1 " << func1(arr[i], j) << std::endl;
  return 0;
}

这是程序输出（注意从第 5 个字节开始的差异）

~ # g++ -std=c++11 prog.cpp -o prog; ./prog
char 0 in number 0 (65) func0 A func1 A
char 1 in number 0 (65) func0  func1
char 2 in number 0 (65) func0  func1
char 3 in number 0 (65) func0  func1
char 4 in number 0 (65) func0  func1
char 5 in number 0 (65) func0  func1
char 6 in number 0 (65) func0  func1
char 7 in number 0 (65) func0  func1
char 0 in number 1 (16705) func0 A func1 A
char 1 in number 1 (16705) func0 A func1 A
char 2 in number 1 (16705) func0  func1
char 3 in number 1 (16705) func0  func1
char 4 in number 1 (16705) func0  func1
char 5 in number 1 (16705) func0  func1
char 6 in number 1 (16705) func0  func1
char 7 in number 1 (16705) func0  func1
char 0 in number 2 (4276545) func0 A func1 A
char 1 in number 2 (4276545) func0 A func1 A
char 2 in number 2 (4276545) func0 A func1 A
char 3 in number 2 (4276545) func0  func1
char 4 in number 2 (4276545) func0  func1
char 5 in number 2 (4276545) func0  func1
char 6 in number 2 (4276545) func0  func1
char 7 in number 2 (4276545) func0  func1
char 0 in number 3 (1094795585) func0 A func1 A
char 1 in number 3 (1094795585) func0 A func1 A
char 2 in number 3 (1094795585) func0 A func1 A
char 3 in number 3 (1094795585) func0 A func1 A
char 4 in number 3 (1094795585) func0  func1
char 5 in number 3 (1094795585) func0  func1
char 6 in number 3 (1094795585) func0  func1
char 7 in number 3 (1094795585) func0  func1
char 0 in number 4 (280267669825) func0 A func1 A
char 1 in number 4 (280267669825) func0 A func1 A
char 2 in number 4 (280267669825) func0 A func1 A
char 3 in number 4 (280267669825) func0 A func1 A
char 4 in number 4 (280267669825) func0  func1 A
char 5 in number 4 (280267669825) func0  func1
char 6 in number 4 (280267669825) func0  func1
char 7 in number 4 (280267669825) func0  func1
char 0 in number 5 (71748523475265) func0 A func1 A
char 1 in number 5 (71748523475265) func0 A func1 A
char 2 in number 5 (71748523475265) func0 A func1 A
char 3 in number 5 (71748523475265) func0 A func1 A
char 4 in number 5 (71748523475265) func0  func1 A
char 5 in number 5 (71748523475265) func0  func1 A
char 6 in number 5 (71748523475265) func0  func1
char 7 in number 5 (71748523475265) func0  func1
char 0 in number 6 (18367622009667905) func0 A func1 A
char 1 in number 6 (18367622009667905) func0 A func1 A
char 2 in number 6 (18367622009667905) func0 A func1 A
char 3 in number 6 (18367622009667905) func0 A func1 A
char 4 in number 6 (18367622009667905) func0  func1 A
char 5 in number 6 (18367622009667905) func0  func1 A
char 6 in number 6 (18367622009667905) func0  func1 A
char 7 in number 6 (18367622009667905) func0  func1
char 0 in number 7 (4702111234474983745) func0 A func1 A
char 1 in number 7 (4702111234474983745) func0 A func1 A
char 2 in number 7 (4702111234474983745) func0 A func1 A
char 3 in number 7 (4702111234474983745) func0 A func1 A
char 4 in number 7 (4702111234474983745) func0  func1 A
char 5 in number 7 (4702111234474983745) func0  func1 A
char 6 in number 7 (4702111234474983745) func0  func1 A
char 7 in number 7 (4702111234474983745) func0 A func1 A

这段代码有 2 个函数，func1它们返回预期值func0，我认为它应该返回相同的值，func1但它没有，我不知道为什么。基本上我理解 8 字节类型就像一个 8 字节的数组，func1在某种意义上清楚地表明这是这种情况。我不确定为什么使用位移来获得n第 th 个字节不起作用，我不确定我是否完全理解 8 字节变量在内存中的排列方式

Answer 1

这是一种非常复杂的方法来做一些非常简单的事情。您甚至不需要考虑字节序问题，因为您不需要访问 a 的内存表示long long来获取一个字节。

获取第 n 个字节只是屏蔽所有其他字节并将该值转换为unsigned char. 所以像这样：

unsigned char nth_byte(unsigned long long int value, int n)
{
  //Assert that n is on the range [0, 8)
  value = value >> (8 * n);   //Move the desired byte into the first byte.
  value = value & 0xFF;      //Mask away everything that isn't the first byte.
  return unsigned char(value); //Return the first byte.
}

Answer 2

问题是在代码中

 0x00000000000000FF << offset

0xFF左边的数字只是一个整数（不管你放了多少个零），左移给出一个整数（实际上高达整数大小......移位超过整数大小是不可移植的代码）。

改用：

 0xFFull << offset

解决了这个问题（因为后缀ull告诉它应该被视为一个unsigned long long）。

当然，正如在另一个答案中所说，(number >> (offset * 8)) & 0xFF更简单且有效。