那些遇到过的问题

现在更好的Java单例模式？

aka*_*lou 12 java singleton enums design-patterns

您知道,自Java 5发布以来,在Java中编写Singleton模式的推荐方法是使用枚举.

public enum Singleton {
    INSTANCE;
}
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但是,我不喜欢这个 - 是强制客户端使用Singleton.INSTANCE来访问单例实例.也许,更好的方法是在普通类中隐藏Singleton,并提供更好的单例设施访问:

public class ApplicationSingleton {
    private static enum Singleton {
        INSTANCE;               

        private ResourceBundle bundle;

        private Singleton() {
            System.out.println("Singleton instance is created: " + 
            System.currentTimeMillis());

            bundle = ResourceBundle.getBundle("application");
        }

        private ResourceBundle getResourceBundle() {
            return bundle;
        }

        private String getResourceAsString(String name) {
            return bundle.getString(name);
        }
    };

    private ApplicationSingleton() {}

    public static ResourceBundle getResourceBundle() {
        return Singleton.INSTANCE.getResourceBundle();
    }

    public static String getResourceAsString(String name) {
        return Singleton.INSTANCE.getResourceAsString(name);
    }
}
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所以,客户现在可以简单地写:

ApplicationSingleton.getResourceAsString("application.name")
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例如.哪个好多了:

Singleton.INSTANCE.getResourceAsString("application.name")
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所以,问题是:这是正确的方法吗？此代码是否有任何问题(线程安全？)？它具有"enum singleton"模式的所有优点吗？这似乎从两个世界都变得更好.你怎么看？有没有更好的方法来实现这一目标？谢谢.

编辑
@all
首先,有效Java,第2版:维基百科:Java Enum Singleton中提到了Singleton模式的枚举用法.我完全同意我们应该尽可能地减少Singleton的使用,但我们不能完全放弃它们.
在我提供另一个示例之前,让我说,使用ResourceBundle的第一个示例只是一个案例,示例本身(和类名称)不是来自实际应用程序.但是,需要说的是,我不了解ResourceBundle缓存管理,感谢那条信息)

下面,Singleton模式有两种不同的方法,第一种是使用Enum的新方法,第二种是我们大多数人之前使用的标准方法.我试图表明它们之间的显着差异.

使用Enum的Singleton:
ApplicationSingleton类是:

public class ApplicationSingleton implements Serializable {
    private static enum Singleton {
        INSTANCE;               

        private Registry registry;

        private Singleton() {
            long currentTime = System.currentTimeMillis(); 
            System.out.println("Singleton instance is created: " + 
                    currentTime);

            registry = new Registry(currentTime);
        }

        private Registry getRegistry() {
            return registry;
        }

        private long getInitializedTime() {
            return registry.getInitializedTime();
        }

        private List<Registry.Data> getData() {
            return registry.getData();
        }
    };

    private ApplicationSingleton() {}

    public static Registry getRegistry() {
        return Singleton.INSTANCE.getRegistry();
    }

    public static long getInitializedTime() {
        return Singleton.INSTANCE.getInitializedTime();
    }

    public static List<Registry.Data> getData() {
        return Singleton.INSTANCE.getData();
    }    
}
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注册表类是:

public class Registry {
    private List<Data> data = new ArrayList<Data>();
    private long initializedTime;

    public Registry(long initializedTime) {
        this.initializedTime = initializedTime;
        data.add(new Data("hello"));
        data.add(new Data("world"));
    }

    public long getInitializedTime() {
        return initializedTime;
    }

    public List<Data> getData() {
        return data;
    }

    public class Data {      
        private String name;

        public Data(String name) {
            this.name = name;
        }

        public String getName() {
            return name;
        }                   
    }
}
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和测试类:

public class ApplicationSingletonTest {     

    public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception {                   

        String rAddress1 = 
            ApplicationSingleton.getRegistry().toString();

        Constructor<ApplicationSingleton> c = 
            ApplicationSingleton.class.getDeclaredConstructor();
        c.setAccessible(true);
        ApplicationSingleton applSingleton1 = c.newInstance();
        String rAddress2 = applSingleton1.getRegistry().toString();

        ApplicationSingleton applSingleton2 = c.newInstance();
        String rAddress3 = applSingleton2.getRegistry().toString();             


        // serialization

        ByteArrayOutputStream byteOut = new ByteArrayOutputStream();
        ObjectOutputStream out = new ObjectOutputStream(byteOut);
        out.writeObject(applSingleton1);

        ObjectInputStream in = new ObjectInputStream(new ByteArrayInputStream(byteOut.toByteArray()));
        ApplicationSingleton applSingleton3 = (ApplicationSingleton) in.readObject();

        String rAddress4 = applSingleton3.getRegistry().toString();

        List<Registry.Data> data = ApplicationSingleton.getData();
        List<Registry.Data> data1 = applSingleton1.getData();
        List<Registry.Data> data2 = applSingleton2.getData();
        List<Registry.Data> data3 = applSingleton3.getData();

        System.out.printf("applSingleton1=%s, applSingleton2=%s, applSingleton3=%s\n", applSingleton1, applSingleton2, applSingleton3);
        System.out.printf("rAddr1=%s, rAddr2=%s, rAddr3=%s, rAddr4=%s\n", rAddress1, rAddress2, rAddress3, rAddress4);
        System.out.printf("dAddr1=%s, dAddr2=%s, dAddr3=%s, dAddr4=%s\n", data, data1, data2, data3);
        System.out.printf("time0=%d, time1=%d, time2=%d, time3=%d\n",
                ApplicationSingleton.getInitializedTime(),
                applSingleton1.getInitializedTime(), 
                applSingleton2.getInitializedTime(),
                applSingleton3.getInitializedTime());
    }

}
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这是输出:

Singleton instance is created: 1304067070250
applSingleton1=ApplicationSingleton@18a7efd, applSingleton2=ApplicationSingleton@e3b895, applSingleton3=ApplicationSingleton@6b7920
rAddr1=Registry@1e5e2c3, rAddr2=Registry@1e5e2c3, rAddr3=Registry@1e5e2c3, rAddr4=Registry@1e5e2c3
dAddr1=[Registry$Data@1dd46f7, Registry$Data@5e3974], dAddr2=[Registry$Data@1dd46f7, Registry$Data@5e3974], dAddr3=[Registry$Data@1dd46f7, Registry$Data@5e3974], dAddr4=[Registry$Data@1dd46f7, Registry$Data@5e3974]
time0=1304067070250, time1=1304067070250, time2=1304067070250, time3=1304067070250
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应该提到什么:

  1. 单例实例仅创建一次
  2. 是的,ApplicationSingletion有几个不同的实例,但它们都包含相同的Singleton实例
  3. 注册表内部数据对于所有不同的 ApplicationSingleton实例都是相同的

因此,总结一下:Enum方法工作正常,可防止通过反射攻击创建重复的Singleton,并在序列化后返回相同的实例.

Singleton使用标准方法:
ApplicationSingleton类是:

public class ApplicationSingleton implements Serializable {
    private static ApplicationSingleton INSTANCE;

    private Registry registry;

    private ApplicationSingleton() {
        try {
            Thread.sleep(10);
        } catch (InterruptedException ex) {}        
        long currentTime = System.currentTimeMillis();
        System.out.println("Singleton instance is created: " + 
                currentTime);
        registry = new Registry(currentTime);
    }

    public static ApplicationSingleton getInstance() {
        if (INSTANCE == null) {
            return newInstance();
        }
        return INSTANCE;

    }

    private synchronized static ApplicationSingleton newInstance() {
        if (INSTANCE != null) {
            return INSTANCE;
        }
        ApplicationSingleton instance = new ApplicationSingleton();
        INSTANCE = instance;

        return INSTANCE;
    }

    public Registry getRegistry() {
        return registry;
    }

    public long getInitializedTime() {
        return registry.getInitializedTime();
    }

    public List<Registry.Data> getData() {
        return registry.getData();
    }
}
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注册表类是(请注意,注册表和数据类显式应该实现Serializable,以便序列化工作):

//now Registry should be Serializable in order serialization to work!!!
public class Registry implements Serializable {
    private List<Data> data = new ArrayList<Data>();
    private long initializedTime;

    public Registry(long initializedTime) {
        this.initializedTime = initializedTime;
        data.add(new Data("hello"));
        data.add(new Data("world"));
    }

    public long getInitializedTime() {
        return initializedTime;
    }

    public List<Data> getData() {
        return data;
    }

    // now Data should be Serializable in order serialization to work!!!
    public class Data implements Serializable {      
        private String name;

        public Data(String name) {
            this.name = name;
        }

        public String getName() {
            return name;
        }                   
    }
}
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和ApplicationSingletionTest类(大致相同):

public class ApplicationSingletonTest {     

    public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception {

        String rAddress1 = 
            ApplicationSingleton.getInstance().getRegistry().toString();

        Constructor<ApplicationSingleton> c = 
            ApplicationSingleton.class.getDeclaredConstructor();
        c.setAccessible(true);
        ApplicationSingleton applSingleton1 = c.newInstance();
        String rAddress2 = applSingleton1.getRegistry().toString();

        ApplicationSingleton applSingleton2 = c.newInstance();
        String rAddress3 = applSingleton2.getRegistry().toString();             


        // serialization

        ByteArrayOutputStream byteOut = new ByteArrayOutputStream();
        ObjectOutputStream out = new ObjectOutputStream(byteOut);
        out.writeObject(applSingleton1);

        ObjectInputStream in = new ObjectInputStream(new ByteArrayInputStream(byteOut.toByteArray()));
        ApplicationSingleton applSingleton3 = (ApplicationSingleton) in.readObject();

        String rAddress4 = applSingleton3.getRegistry().toString();

        List<Registry.Data> data = ApplicationSingleton.getInstance().getData();
        List<Registry.Data> data1 = applSingleton1.getData();
        List<Registry.Data> data2 = applSingleton2.getData();
        List<Registry.Data> data3 = applSingleton3.getData();

        System.out.printf("applSingleton1=%s, applSingleton2=%s, applSingleton3=%s\n", applSingleton1, applSingleton2, applSingleton3);
        System.out.printf("rAddr1=%s, rAddr2=%s, rAddr3=%s, rAddr4=%s\n", rAddress1, rAddress2, rAddress3, rAddress4);
        System.out.printf("dAddr1=%s, dAddr2=%s, dAddr3=%s, dAddr4=%s\n", data, data1, data2, data3);
        System.out.printf("time0=%d, time1=%d, time2=%d, time3=%d\n",
                ApplicationSingleton.getInstance().getInitializedTime(),
                applSingleton1.getInitializedTime(), 
                applSingleton2.getInitializedTime(),
                applSingleton3.getInitializedTime());
    }

}
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这是输出:

Singleton instance is created: 1304068111203
Singleton instance is created: 1304068111218
Singleton instance is created: 1304068111234
applSingleton1=ApplicationSingleton@16cd7d5, applSingleton2=ApplicationSingleton@15b9e68, applSingleton3=ApplicationSingleton@1fcf0ce
rAddr1=Registry@f72617, rAddr2=Registry@4f1d0d, rAddr3=Registry@1fc4bec, rAddr4=Registry@1174b07
dAddr1=[Registry$Data@1256ea2, Registry$Data@82701e], dAddr2=[Registry$Data@1f934ad, Registry$Data@fd54d6], dAddr3=[Registry$Data@18ee9d6, Registry$Data@19a0c7c], dAddr4=[Registry$Data@a9ae05, Registry$Data@1dff3a2]
time0=1304068111203, time1=1304068111218, time2=1304068111234, time3=1304068111218
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应该提到什么:

  1. Singleton实例创建了几个!时
  2. 所有注册表对象都是具有自己数据的不同对象

因此,总结一下:标准方法对于反射攻击来说很弱,并且在序列化后返回不同的实例,但是对于相同的数据则是.

因此,似乎Enum方法更加稳固可靠.现在是在Java中使用Singleton模式的推荐方法吗？你怎么看？
有趣的事实要解释:为什么enum中的对象可以使用其拥有的类进行序列化并不实现Serializable？是功能还是bug？

jpr*_*ete 16

我不知道枚举是这些天构建单身人士的Java方式.但是如果你打算这样做,你也可以直接使用枚举.我认为没有任何理由将单例封装在一堆静态成员方法之后; 一旦你完成了这个,你也可以编写一个静态类,其中包含私有静态成员.

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