为什么不是sum == foldl1(+)?

pee*_*eer 8 haskell sum matrix fold foldable

我对矩阵列表求和,foldl1 (+)因为我注意到sum实际上返回的是左上角元素的和为1x1矩阵。

$ stack exec --resolver lts-12.5 --package matrix -- ghci
GHCi, version 8.4.3: http://www.haskell.org/ghc/  :? for help
Prelude> import Data.Matrix
Prelude Data.Matrix> t = [identity 2, identity 2]  -- two 2x2 identity matrices
Prelude Data.Matrix> foldl1 (+) t
?     ?
? 2 0 ?
? 0 2 ?
?     ?
Prelude Data.Matrix> sum t
?   ?
? 2 ?
?   ?
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这对我来说是出乎意料的,LYAH建议sum = foldl1 (+)¹甚至hlint建议我使用sum而不是foldl1 (+)' Removing error on []'(附带的问题:如何优雅而[]安全地对矩阵求和?)

为什么要sum /= foldl1 (+)使用矩阵,为什么通常不总是这样sum == foldl1 (+)

或者,排除空列表的情况:

为什么不sum == foldl neutralElement (+)呢?或者具体sum == foldl (+) (zero 2 2)[identity 2, identity 2]

自己的工作:

Prelude Data.Matrix> :t sum
sum :: (Foldable t, Num a) => t a -> a
Prelude Data.Matrix> :info sum
class Foldable (t :: * -> *) where
  ...
  sum :: Num a => t a -> a
  ...
        -- Defined in ‘Data.Foldable’
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的来源sum是:

sum :: Num a => t a -> a
sum = getSum #. foldMap Sum
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的实例Matrix是:

instance Foldable Matrix where
foldMap f = foldMap f . mvect

instance Num a => Num (Matrix a) where
 fromInteger = M 1 1 . V.singleton . fromInteger
 negate = fmap negate
 abs = fmap abs
 signum = fmap signum

 -- Addition of matrices.
 {-# SPECIALIZE (+) :: Matrix Double -> Matrix Double -> Matrix Double #-}
 {-# SPECIALIZE (+) :: Matrix Int -> Matrix Int -> Matrix Int #-}
 (M n m v) + (M n' m' v')
   -- Checking that sizes match...
   | n /= n' || m /= m' = error $ "Addition of " ++ sizeStr n m ++ " and "
                               ++ sizeStr n' m' ++ " matrices."
   -- Otherwise, trivial zip.
   | otherwise = M n m $ V.zipWith (+) v v'

 -- Substraction of matrices.
 ...
 -- Multiplication of matrices.
 ...
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¹加上整数

pat*_*pat 9

由于Data.Matrix例如用于Num工具fromInteger通过返回一个1x1矩阵,并且+通过加入elementwise(如果左边是比右侧大或错误),其截断右矩阵向左一个的尺寸。

sumfoldl (+) 0,其与从一个1x1矩阵开始0并截断所有矩阵的列表中的该大小。在foldl1 (+)没有从整使矩阵,所以其结果是在列表中最小的矩阵的大小。

另外,sum = getSum #. foldMap Sum是默认Foldable实现,但被list实例覆盖为sum = foldl (+) 0

如果操作数的形状不同,直到版本0.3.1.1 的Data.Matrix实现+(如上所示)都会产生错误,但是在版本0.3.2.0中,它假定未经检查就具有相同的形状,而在版本0.3.3.0中,它假定相同的形状。再次更改(根据评论):

-- | Perform an operation element-wise.
--   The second matrix must have at least as many rows
--   and columns as the first matrix. If it's bigger,
--   the leftover items will be ignored.
--   If it's smaller, it will cause a run-time error.
--   You may want to use 'elementwiseUnsafe' if you
--   are definitely sure that a run-time error won't
--   arise.
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直到最新版本0.3.6.1的实现似乎都是相同的